See also:

• JET (Fr. jais, Ger. Gagat)

JET (Fr. jais, Ger. Gagat)  , a substance which seems to be a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• LIGNITE (Lat. lignum, wood)

lignite or See also:

• ANTHRACITE (Gr. avOpaE, coal)

anthracite; often cut and polished for ornaments . The word " See also:

• JET (Fr. jais, Ger. Gagat)

jet " probably comes, through O . Fr. jaiet, from the classical gagates, a word which was derived, according to See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny, from Gagas, in See also:

• LYCIA

Lycia, where jet, or a similar substance, was originally found . Jet was used in See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain in prehistoric times; many See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round barrows of the See also:

• BRONZE

Bronze See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age have yielded jet beads, buttons, rings, armlets and other ornaments . The abundance of jet in Britain is alluded to by See also:

• CAIUS
• CAIUS [Anglice KEES, KEYS, etc.], JOHN (1510-1573)

Caius See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• SOLINUS, GAIUS JULIUS

Solinus (fl . 3rd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century) and jet ornaments are found with See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics in Britain . Probably the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply was obtained from the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire, especially near See also:

• WHITBY

Whitby, where nodules of jet were formerly picked up on the See also:

• SHORE

shore . Caedmon refers to this jet, and at a later date it was used for See also:

• ROSARY (Lat. rosarium)

rosary beads by the monks of Whitby See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

Abbey . The Whitby jet occurs in irregular masses, often of lenticular shape, embedded in hard shales known as jet-See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock . The jet-rock See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series belongs to that See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the Upper See also:

• LIAS

Lias which is termed the See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone of See also:

• AMMONITES

Ammonites serpentinus . Microscopic examination of jet occasionally reveals the structure of coniferous See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, which A . C .

See also:

• SEWARD, ANNA (1747-1809)
• SEWARD, WILLIAM HENRY (180r-1872)

Seward has shown to be araucarian . Probably masses of wood were brought down by a See also:

• RIVER

river, and drifted out to See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, where becoming See also:

• WATER

water-logged they sank, and became gradually buried in a See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit of See also:

• FINE

fine mud, which eventually hardened into shale . Under pressure, perhaps assisted by See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, and with exclusion of See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air, the wood suffered a peculiar kind of decomposition, probably modified by the presence of See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt water, as suggested by See also:

• PERCY (FAMILY)
• PERCY, SIR HENRY
• PERCY, THOMAS (1729-1811)
• PERCY, THOMAS (c. 156o-16os)

Percy E . Spielmann . Scales of See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish and other fossils of the jet-rock are frequently impregnated with bituminous products, which may replace the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original tissues . Drops of liquid See also:

• BITUMEN

bitumen occur in the cavities of some fossils, whilst inflammable See also:

• GAS

gas is not uncommon in the jet-workings, and See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum may be detected by its See also:

• SMELL (connected etymologically with " smoulder " and " smoke ")

smell . See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

Iron See also:

• PYRITES

pyrites is often associated with the jet . Formerly sufficient jet was found in loose pieces on the shore, set See also:

• FREE

free by the disintegration of the cliffs, or washed up from a submarine source . When this supply became insufficient, the rock was attacked by the jet-workers; ultimately the workings took the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of true mines, levels being driven into the shales not only at their outcrop in the cliffs but in some of the inland dales of the Yorkshire See also:

• MOOR

moor-lands, such as Eskdale . The best jet has a See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, and is hard, compact and homogeneous in texture, breaking with a conchoidal fracture . It must be tough enough to be readily carved or turned on the See also:

• LATHE

lathe, and sufficiently compact in texture to receive a high See also:

• POLISH

polish . The final polish was formerly given by means of See also:

• ROUGE (" red," from Lat. rubeus)

rouge, which produces a beautiful velvety See also:

• SURFACE

surface, but rotten-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone and lampblack are often employed instead .

The softer kinds, not capable of being freely worked, are known as See also:

• BASTARD (O. Fr. bastard, mod. bdtard = fits de bast, "pack-saddle child," from bast, saddle)

bastard jet . A soft jet is obtained from the estuarine series of the See also:

• LOWER

Lower Oolites of Yorkshire . Much jet is imported from See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, but it is generally less hard and lustrous than true Whitby jet . In Spain the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief locality is See also:

• VILLAVICIOSA

Villaviciosa, in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• ASTURIAS

Asturias . See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France furnishes jet, especially in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the See also:

• AUDE

Aude . Much jet, too, occurs in the Lias of See also:

• WURTTEMBERG

Wurttemberg, and See also:

• WORKS

works have been established for its utilization . In the See also:

• UNITED

United States jet is known at many localities but is not systematically worked . Pennsylvanian anthracite, however, has been occasionally employed as a substitute . In like manner Scotch cannel See also:

• COAL

coal has been sometimes used at Whitby . Imitations of jet, or substitutes for it, are furnished by vulcanite, See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass, black See also:

• OBSIDIAN

obsidian and black See also:

• ONYX

onyx, or stained See also:

• CHALCEDONY, or CALCEDONY (sometimes called by old writers cassidoine)

chalcedony . Jet is sometimes improperly termed black See also:

• AMBER

amber, because like amber, though in less degree, it becomes electric by See also:

• FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

friction . See P .

E . Spielmann, " On the Origin of Jet," Chemical See also:

• NEWS

News (Dec . 14, 1906) ; C . See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

Fox-Strangways, " The See also:

• JURASSIC

Jurassic Rocks of Britain, Vol . I . Yorkshire," Mem . Geol . Sure . (1892); J . A . See also:

• BOWER, WALTER (1385-1449)

Bower, " Whitby Jet and its Manufacture," Journ . See also:

• SOC

Soc .

Arts (1874, vol. xxii. p . 8o) .