See also:

• JHELUM, or JEHLAM
• JHELUM, or JEHLAM (Hydaspes of the Greeks)

JHELUM, or JEHLAM  , a See also:

• TOWN

town and See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, in the See also:

• RAWALPINDI

Rawalpindi See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the See also:

• PUNJAB

Punjab . The town is situated on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• JHELUM, or JEHLAM
• JHELUM, or JEHLAM (Hydaspes of the Greeks)

Jhelum, here crossed by a See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North-Western railway, 103 M . N. of See also:

• LAHORE

Lahore . Pop . (1901), 14,951 . It is a See also:

• MODERN

modern town with river and railway See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade (principally in See also:

• TIMBER

timber from See also:

• KASHMIR, or CASHMERE

Kashmir), See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat-See also:

• BUILDING

building and cantonments for a See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry and four See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry regiments . The DISTRICT OF JHELUM stretches from the river Jhelum almost to the See also:

• INDUS

Indus . See also:

• AREA

Area, 2813 sq. m . Pop . (1901), 501,424, showing a decrease of 2 % in the See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade . See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

Salt is quarried at the See also:

• MAYO
• MAYO, RICHARD SOUTHWELL BOURKE, 6TH EARL OF (1822-1872)

Mayo mine in the Salt Range . There are two See also:

• COAL

coal-mines, the only ones worked in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, from which the North-Western railway obtains See also:

• PART

part of its See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of coal .

The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief centre of the salt trade is Pind Dadan See also:

• KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

Khan (pop . 13,770) . The district is crossed by the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• LINE

line of the North-Western railway, and also traversed along the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south by a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch line . The river Jhelum is navigable throughout the district, which forms the south-eastern portion of a rugged Himalayan See also:

• SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

spur, extending between the Indus and Jhelum to the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of the See also:

• SIND

Sind See also:

• SAGAR

Sagar See also:

• DOAB

Doab . Its scenery is very picturesque, although not of so See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild a See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character as the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain region of Rawalpindi to the north, and is lighted up in places by smiling patches of cultivated valley . The backbone of the district is formed by the Salt Range, a See also:

• TREBLE (a doublet of " triple," three-fold, from Lat. triplus, triple; cf. " double " from duplus)

treble line of parallel hills See also:

• RUNNING

running in three See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long forks from See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east to See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west throughout its whole breadth . The range rises in bold precipices, broken by See also:

• GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647)

gorges, clothed with brushwood and traversed by streams which are at first pure, but soon become impregnated with the saline See also:

• MATTER

matter over which they pass . Between the line of hills lies a picturesque table-See also:

• LAND

land, in which the beautiful little See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake of Kallar Kahar nestles amongst the See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor ridges . North of the Salt Range, the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country extends upwards in an elevated See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, diversified by countless ravines and fissures, until it loses itself in tangled masses of Rawalpindimountains . In this rugged See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract cultivation is rare and difficult, the See also:

• SOIL

soil being choked with saline matter . At the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the Salt Range, however, a small See also:

• STRIP

strip of level soil lies along the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the Jhelum, and is thickly dotted with prosperous villages . The drainage of the district is determined by a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low central See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed running north and south at right angles to the Salt Range .

The See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the western portion find their way into the Sohan, and finally into the Indus; those of the opposite slope collect themselves into small torrents, and empty themselves into the Jhelum . The See also:

• HISTORY

history of the district See also:

• DATES

dates back to the semi-mythical See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the Mahabh¢rata . See also:

• HINDU

Hindu tradition represents the Salt Range as the See also:

• REFUGE

refuge of the five Pandava brethren during the period of their See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile, and every salient point in its scenery is connected with some See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend of the See also:

• NATIONAL

national heroes . Modern See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research has fixed the site of the conflict between See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander and See also:

• PORUS (4th century B.C.)

Porus as within Jhelum district, although the exact point at which Alexander effected the passage of the Jhelum (or Hydaspes) is disputed . After this event, we have little See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information with regard to the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the district until the See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest brought back literature and history to Upper India . The Janjuahs and See also:

• JATS, or JUTS

Jats, who now hold the Salt Range and its See also:

• NORTHERN

northern plateau respectively, appear to have been the earliest inhabitants . The Ghakkars seem to represent an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• WAVE

wave of conquest from the east, and they still inhabit the whole eastern slope of the district; while the Awans, who now cluster in the western See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, are apparently later invaders from the opposite See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter . The Ghakkars were the dominant See also:

• RACE

race' at the period of the first Mahommedan incursions, and long continued to retain their See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence . During the flourishing period of the See also:

• MOGUL, MOCHAL, or MIGHAL

Mogul See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty, the Ghakkar chieftains were prosperous and loyal vassals of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• BABER

Baber; but after the collapse of the See also:

• DELHI, DEHLI

Delhi See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire Jhelum See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell, like its neighbours, under the sway of the Sikhs . In 1765 Gujar Singh defeated the last See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent Ghakkar See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince, and reduced the wild mountaineers to subjection . His son succeeded to his dominions, until 181o, when he fell before the irresistible See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of Ranjit Singh . In 1849 the district passed, with the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the See also:

• SIKH

Sikh territories, into the hands of the British .