See also:

• RUDOLF (otherwise known as Basso NOROK and Gannon)

RUDOLF VON See also:

• RUDOLF VON JHERING (1818-1892)

JHERING (1818-1892)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German jurist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 22nd of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1818 at See also:

• AURICH

Aurich in See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• FRIESLAND, or VRIESLAND

Friesland, where his See also:

• FATHER

father practised as a lawyer . See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

Young See also:

• JHERING, RUDOLF VON (1818-1892)

Jhering entered the university of See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg in 1836 and, after the See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion of German students, visited successively See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen and See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin . G . F . See also:

• PUCHTA, GEORG FRIEDRICH (1798—1846)

Puchta, the author of Geschichte See also:

• DES

des Rechts bei dem romischen Volke, alone of all his teachers appears to have gained his admiration and influenced the See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent of his mind . After graduating See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor See also:

• JURIS

juris, Jhering established himself in 1844 at Berlin as privatdocent for See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, and delivered public lectures on the Geist des romischen Rechts, the theme which may be said to have constituted his See also:

• LIFE

life's See also:

• WORK

work . In 1845 he became an See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor at See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel, in 1846 at See also:

• ROSTOCK

Rostock, in 1849 at See also:

• KIEL

Kiel, and in 1851 at See also:

• GIESSEN

Giessen . Upon all these seats of learning he See also:

• LEFT

left his See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark; beyond any other of his contemporaries he animated the dry bones of Roman law . The German juristic See also:

• WORLD

world was still under the dominating See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the See also:

• SAVIGNY, FRIEDRICH KARL VON (1779–1861)

Savigny cult, and the older school looked askance at the daring of the young professor, who essayed to 'adapt the old to new exigencies and to build up a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of natural See also:

• JURISPRUDENCE (Lat. jurisprudenlia, knowledge of law, from jus, right, and prudentia, from providere, to foresee)
• JURISPRUDENCE, COMPARATIVE

jurisprudence . This is the keynote of his famous work, Geist des romischen Rechts auf den verschiedenen Stufen seiner Entwickelung (1852-1865), which for originality of conception and lucidity of scientific reasoning placed its author in the forefront of See also:

• MODERN

modern Roman jurists . It is no exaggeration to say that in the second See also:

• HALF

half of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the reputation of Jhering was as high as that of Savigny in the first . Their methods were almost diametrically opposed .

Savigny and his school represented the conservative, See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical tendency . In Jhering the philosophical conception of jurisprudence, as a See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science to be utilized for the further See also:

• ADVANCEMENT

advancement of the moral and social interests of mankind, was predominant . In 1868 Jhering accepted the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of Roman Law at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, where his lecture-See also:

• ROOM

room was crowded, not only with See also:

• REGULAR

regular students but with men of all professions and even of the highest ranks in the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official world . He became one of the lions of society, the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor conferring upon him in 1872 a See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of hereditary See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility . But to a mind constituted like his, the social functions of the Austrian See also:

• METROPOLIS (Gr. piir17Pi mother, srGXis, city)

metropolis became wearisome, and he gladly exchanged its brilliant circles for the repose of Gottingen, where he became professor in 1872 . In this See also:

• YEAR

year he had read at Vienna before an admiring See also:

• AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

audience a lecture, published under the title of Der Kampf um's Recht (1872; Eng. trans., See also:

• BATTLE

Battle for Right, 1884) . Its success was extraordinary . Within two years it attained twelve See also:

• EDITIONS

editions, and it has been translated into twenty-six See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages . This was followed a few years later by Der Zweck See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Recht (2 vols., 1877-1883) . In these two See also:

• WORKS

works is clearly seen Jhering's individuality . The Kampf See also:

• URN (Lat. urna, either from root of urere, to burn, being made of burnt clay, or connected with urceus, Gr. I5pxa, jar)

urn's Recht shows the firmness of his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, the strength of his sense of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, and his juristic method and See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic: " to assert his rights is the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty that every responsible See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person owes to himself." In the Zweck im Recht is perceived the bent of the author's See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect . But perhaps the happiest See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of all his distinctive characteristics is to be found in his Jurisprudenz des tdglichen Lebens (187o; Eng. trans., 1904) .

A See also:

• GREAT

great feature of his lectures was his so-called Praktika, problems in Roman law, and a collection of these with hints for See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution was published as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1847 under the title Civilrechtsfdlle ohne Entscheidungen . In Gottingen he continued to work until his See also:

• DEATH

death on the 17th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1892 . A See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time previously he had been the centre of a devoted See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd of See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends and former pupils, assembled at Wilhelmshohe near See also:

• CASSEL
• CASSEL, or KASSEL

Cassel to celebrate the See also:

• JUBILEE (or JUBILE), YEAR OF

jubilee of his doctorate . Almost all countries were worthily represented, and this See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage affords an excellent See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

illustration of the extra-ordinary See also:

• FASCINATION (from Lat. fascinare, to bewitch, probably connected with the Or. f3ao-Kaiveev, to speak ill of, to bewitch)

fascination and enduring influence that Jhering commanded . In See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance he was of See also:

• MIDDLE

middle stature, his See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face clean-shaven and of classical See also:

• MOULD

mould, lit up with vivacity and beaming with See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good nature, He was perhaps seen at his best when dispensing hospitality in his own See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . With him died the best beloved and the most talented of Roman-law professors of modern times . It was said of him by Professor Adolf Merkel in a memorial address, R. v . Jhering (1893), that he belonged to the happy class of persons to whom See also:

• GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749-1832)

Goethe's lines are applicable: " Was ich in der Jugend gewunscht, das habe ich im Alter See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Fulle," and this may justly be said of him, though he did not live to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete his Geist des romischen Rechts and his Rechtsgeschichte . For this work the span of a single life would have been insufficient, but what he has left to the world is a See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of vigorous intellectual See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and stamps Jhering as an See also:

• ORIGINAL

original thinker and unrivalled exponent (in his See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation) of the spirit of Roman law . Among others of his works, all of them characteristic of the author and sparkling with wit, may be mentioned the following: Beitrdge zur Lehre von Besitz, first published in the Jahrbucher See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur die Dogmatik des heutigen romischen and deutschen Privat-rechts, and then separately; Der Besitzwille, and an See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article entitled " Besitz " in the Handworterbuch der Staatswissenschaften (1891), which aroused at the time much controversy, particularly on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the opposition manifested to Savigny's conception of the subject . See also Scherz and See also:

• ERNST, HEINRICH WILHELM (1814–1865)

Ernst in der Jurisprudenz (1885) ; Das Schuldmoment im romischen Privat-recht (1867) ; Das Trinkgeld (1882) ; and among the papers he left behind him his Vorgeschichte der Indoeuropaer, a fragment, has been published by v . See also:

• EHRENBERG, CHRISTIAN GOTTFRIED (1795-1876)

Ehrenberg (1894) .

See for an account of his life also M. de Jonge, See also:

• RUDOLF (otherwise known as Basso NOROK and Gannon)

Rudolf v . Jhering (1888) ; and A . Merkel, Rudolf von Jhering (1893) . (P . A .