See also:

• JOACHIM, JOSEPH (1831—1907)

JOACHIM OF See also:

• FLORIS, FRANS

FLORIS (c. 1145–1202)  , so named from the monastery of See also:

• SAN

San Giovanni in Fiore, of which he was See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot, See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian mystic theologian, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Celico, near See also:

• COSENZA (anc. Consentia)

Cosenza, in See also:

• CALABRIA

Calabria . He was of See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth and was brought up at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger of See also:

• APULIA (sometimes APPULIa in manuscripts but never in inscriptions)

Apulia . At an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age he went to visit the See also:

• HOLY

holy places . After seeing his comrades decimated by the See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople he resolved to See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change his mode of See also:

• LIFE

life, and, on his return to See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, after a rigorous See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage and a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of ascetic See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat, became a See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk in the Cistercian See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of See also:

• CASAMARI

Casamari . In See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1177 we know that he was abbot of the monastery of Corazzo, near Martirano . In 1183 he went to the court of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• LUCIUS

Lucius III. at See also:

• VEROLI (anc. Verulae)

Veroli, and in 1185 visited See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

Urban III. at See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona . There is extant a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of Pope See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement III., dated the 8th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1188, in which Clement alludes to two of See also:

• JOACHIM, JOSEPH (1831—1907)

Joachim's See also:

• WORKS

works, the See also:

• CONCORDIA
• CONCORDIA (mod. Concordia Sagittaria)

Concordia and the Expositio in Apocalypsin, and urges him to continue them . Joachim, however, was unable to continue his abbatial functions in the midst of his labours in prophetic exegesis, and, moreover, his See also:

• ASCETICISM

asceticism accommodated itself but See also:

• ILL

ill with the somewhat lax discipline of Corazzo . He accordingly retired into the solitudes of Pietralata, and subsequently founded with some companions under a See also:

• RULE

rule of his own creation the abbey of San Giovanni in Fiore, on See also:

• MONTE

Monte See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero, in the See also:

• MASSIF

massif of La See also:

• SILA

Sila . The pope and the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor befriended this See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation; See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick . II. and his wife See also:

• CONSTANCE
• CONSTANCE (Ger. Konstanz or Costnitz)
• CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF
• CONSTANCE, LAKE OF (called by the Romans Lacus Brigantinus or lake of Bregenz, and now usually named in German Bodensee, as well as the " Swabian Sea ")

Constance made important donations to it, and promoted the spread of offshoots of the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house; while See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent III., on the 21st of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1204, approved the " ordo Florensis " and the " institutio " which its founder had bestowed upon it . Joachim died in 1202, probably on the loth of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March .

Of the many prophetic and polemical works that were attributed to Joachim in the 13th and following centuries, only those enus merated in his will can be regarded as absolutely See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic . These are the Concordia novi et veteris Testamenti (first printed at See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice in 1519), the Expositio in Apocalypsin (Venice, 1527), the Psalterium decem chordarum (Venice, 1527), together with some " libelli against the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews or the adversaries of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian faith . It is very probable that these " libelli " are the writings entitled Concordia Evangeliorum, Contra Judaeos, De articulis fidei, Confessio fidei and De unitate Trinitatis . The last is perhaps the See also:

• WORK

work which was condemned by the Lateran See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council in 1215 as containing an erroneous II See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism of the Trinitarian theory of See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter Lombard . This council, though condemning the See also:

• BOOK

book, refrained from condemning the author, and approved the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of See also:

• FLORIS, FRANS

Floris . Nevertheless, the monks continued to be subjected to insults as followers of a heretic, until they obtained from See also:

• HONORIUS
• HONORIUS, FLAVIUS (384-423)

Honorius III. in 1220 a See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull formally recognizing Joachim as orthodox and forbidding anyone to injure his disciples . It is impossible to enumerate here all the works attributed to Joachim . Some served their avowed See also:

• OBJECT

object with See also:

• GREAT

great success, being powerful See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments in the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-papal polemic and sustaining the revolted See also:

• FRANCISCANS (otherwise called Friars Minor, or Minorites; also the Seraphic Order ; and in England Grey Friars, from the colour of the habit, which, however, is now brown rather than grey)

Franciscans in their See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of an approaching See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph . Among the most widely circulated were the commentaries on See also:

• JEREMIAH

Jeremiah, See also:

• ISAIAH
• ISAIAH, ASCENSION OF

Isaiah and See also:

• EZEKIEL (SKpm', " God strengthens" or " God is strong "; Sept. 'IE'EKL?)X; Vulg. Ezechiel)

Ezekiel, the Vaticinia pontificum and the De oneribus ecclesiae . Of his authentic works the doctrinal essential is very See also:

• SIMPLE

simple . Joachim divides the See also:

• HISTORY

history of humanity, past, See also:

• PRESENT

present and future, into three periods, which, in his Expositio in Apocalypsin (bk. i. ch . 5), he defines as the age of the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law, or of the See also:

• FATHER

Father; the age of the See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel, or of the Son; and the age of the Spirit, which will bring the ages to an end .

Before each of these ages there is a period of See also:

• INCUBATION

incubation, or See also:

• INITIATION (Lat. inilium, beginning, entrance, from mire, to go in)

initiation: the first age begins with See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham, but the period of initiation with the first See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam . The initiation period of the third age begins with St See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

Benedict, while the actual age of the Spirit is not to begin until 126o, the Churchmulier amicta See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole (Rev. xii . 1)—remaining hidden in the See also:

• WILDERNESS

wilderness 126o days . We cannot here enter into the See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite details of the other subdivisions imagined by Joachim, or into his See also:

• SYSTEM

system of perpetual concordances between the New and the Old Testaments, which, according to him, furnish the prefiguration of the third age . Far more interesting as explaining the See also:

• DIFFUSION (from the Lat. diffundere; dis-, asunder, and fundere, to pour out)

diffusion and the religious and social importance of his See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine is his conception of the second and third ages . The first age was the age of the Letter, the second was intermediary between the Letter and the Spirit, and the third was to be the age of the Spirit . The age of the Son is the period of study and See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom, the period of striving towards mystic know-ledge . In the age of the Father all that was necessary was obedience ; in the age of the Son See also:

• READING

reading is enjoined; but the age of the Spirit was to be devoted to See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer and See also:

• SONG

song . The third is the age of the plena spiritus libertas, the age of contemplation, the monastic age See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par excellence, the age of a monachism wholly directed towards See also:

• ECSTASY (Gr. iarra(TLc, from i LarliU, put out of its place, alter)

ecstasy, more See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental than See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine . Joachim does not conceal his sympathies with the ideal of Basilian monachism . In his See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion—which is, in See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form at least, perfectly orthodox—the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of Peter will be, not abolished, but purified; actually, the See also:

• HIERARCHY (Gr. iepos, holy, and apxe.v, to rule)

hierarchy effaces itself in the third age before the order of the monks, the viri spirituales . The entire See also:

• WORLD

world will become a vast monastery in that See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, which will be the resting-See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, the See also:

• SABBATH

sabbath of humanity .

In various passages in Joachim's writings the clerical hierarchy is represented by See also:

• RACHEL (1821-1858)

Rachel and the contemplative order by her son See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph, and Rachel is destined to efface herself before her son . Similarly, the teaching of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ and the Apostles on the sacraments is considered, implicitly and explicitly, as transitory, as representing that passage from the significantia to the significata which Joachim signalizes at every See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of his demonstration . Joachim was not disturbed during his lifetime . In 1200 he submitted all his writings to the See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment of the Holy See, and unreservedly affirmed his orthodoxy; the Lateran council, which condemned his criticism of Peter Lombard, made no allusion to his eschatological temerities; and the bull of 1220 was a formal certificate of his orthodoxy . The Joachimite ideas soon spread into Italy and See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and especially after a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division had been produced in the Franciscan order . The rigorists, who soon became known as " Spirituals," represented St See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis as the initiator of Joachim's third age . Certain convents became centres of Joachimism . Around the See also:

• HERMIT

hermit of See also:

• HYERES

Hyeres, See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh of See also:

• DIGNE

Digne, was formed a See also:

• GROUP

group of Franciscans who expected from the See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent of the third age the triumph of their ascetic ideas . The Joachimites even obtained a See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority in the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter of 1247, and elected See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John of See also:

• PARMA

Parma, one of their number, general of the order . Pope See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander IV., however, compelled John of Parma to renounce his dignity, and the Joachimite opposition became more and more vehement . Pseudo-Joachimite See also:

• TREATISES

treatises sprang up on every See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, and, finally, in 1254, there appeared in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris the See also:

• LIBER

Liber introductorius ad Evangelium aeternum, the work of a Spiritual Franciscan, Gherardo da Borgo San Donnino . This book was published with, and as an introduction to, the three See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal works of Joachim, in which the Spirituals had made some interpolations.' Gherardo, however, did not say, as has been supposed, that Joachim's books were the new gospel, but merely that the Calabrian abbot had supplied the See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key to Holy See also:

• WRIT (O. Eng. gewrit, writ, from writan, to write)

Writ, and that with the help of that intelligentia nzystica it would be possible to See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract from the Old and New Testaments the eternal meaning, the gospel according to the Spirit, a gospel which would never be written; as for this eternal sense, it had been entrusted to an order set apart, to the Franciscan order announced by Joachim, and in this order the ideal of the third age was realized .

These affirmations provoked very keen protests in the ecclesiastical world . The See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular masters of the university of Paris denounced the work to Pope Innocent IV., and the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Paris sent it to the pope . It 1 Preger is the only writer who has maintained that the three books in their See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive form date from 1254.was Innocent's successor, Alexander IV., who appointed a See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission to examine it; and as a result of this commission, which sat at Anagni, the destruction of the Liber introductorius was ordered by a papal breve dated the 23rd of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1255 . In 126o a council held at See also:

• ARLES
• ARLES, KINGDOM OF

Arles condemned Joachim's writings and his supporters, who were very numerous in that region . The Joachimite ideas were equally persistent among the Spirituals, and acquired new strength with the publication of the commentary on the See also:

• APOCALYPSE
• APOCALYPSE (Gr. aaoKaXvti/hr, disclosure)
• APOCALYPSE, KNIGHTS OF THE

Apocalypse . This book, probably published after the See also:

• DEATH

death of its author and probably interpolated by his disciples, contains, besides Joachimite principles, an See also:

• AFFIRMATION (from Lat. affirmare, to assert)

affirmation even clearer than that of Gherardo da Borgo of the elect See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the Franciscan order, as well as extremely violent attacks on the papacy . The Joachimite literature is extremely vast . From the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century to the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 16th, Ubertin of Casale (in his Arbor Vitae crucifixae), See also:

• BARTHOLOMEW, JOHN (1831-1893)
• BARTHOLOMEW, SAINT

Bartholomew of See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa (author of the Liber Conformitatum), the Calabrian hermit See also:

• TELESPHORUS

Telesphorus, John of La Rochetaillade, Seraphin of See also:

• FERMO (anc. 1%irmum Picenum)

Fermo, Johannes Annius of See also:

• VITERBO

Viterbo, Coelius Pannonius, and a See also:

• HOST

host of other writers, repeated or complicated ad infinitum the exegesis of Abbot Joachim . A See also:

• TREATISE

treatise entitled De ultimo aetate ecclesiae, which appeared in 1356, has been attributed to Wycliffe, but is undoubtedly from the See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen of an See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous Joachimite Franciscan . The heterodox movements in Italy in the 13th and 14th centuries, such as those of the Segarellists, Dolcinists, and See also:

• FRATICELLI (plural diminutive of Ital. frate, brother)

Fraticelli of every description, were penetrated with Joachimism; while such See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits as Roger See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon, Arnaldus de See also:

• VILLA

Villa Nova and See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard Delicieux often comforted themselves with the thought of the era of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice and See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace promised by Joachim . See also:

• DANTE

Dante held Joachim in great reverence, and has placed him in See also:

• PARADISE (Gr. lrap6BEwos)

Paradise (Par., xii . 14o-141) .

See Acta Sanctorum, See also:

• BOLL

Boll . (May), vii . 94–112; W . Preger in Abhandl. der kgl . Akad. der Wissenschaften, hist. See also:

• SECT

sect., vol. xii., pt . 3 (See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, 1874) ; idem, Gesch. d. deutschen Mystik See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Mittel-alter, vol. i . (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1874) ; E . See also:

• RENAN, ERNEST (1823-1892)

Renan, " Joachim de Flore et 1'Evangile See also:

• KERNEL (O.E. cyrnel, a diminutive of " corn," seed, grain)

kernel " in Nouvelles etudes d'histoire religieuse (Paris, 1884) ; F Tocco, L'Eresia nel medio evo (See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, 1884) ; H . Denifle, " Das Evangelium aeternum and See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Commission zu Anagni " in Archiv See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur Literatur- and Kirchengesch. See also:

• DES

des Mittelalters, vol. i . ; See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul See also:

• FOURNIER
• FOURNIER, PIERRE SIMON (1712-1768)

Fournier, " Joachim de Fiore, ses doctrines, son See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence " in Revue des questions historiques, t . (1900); H . C .

See also:

• LEA, HENRY CHARLES (1825–1909)

Lea, History of the See also:

• INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

Inquisition of the Middle Ages, vol. iii, ch. i . (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1888) ; F . Ehrle's See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article " Joachim in Wetzer and Welte's Kirchenlexikon . On Joachimism see E . Gebhardt, " Recherches nouvelles sur l'histoire du Joachimisme" in Revue historique, vol. xxxi . (1886); H . See also:

• HAUPT, MORITZ (1808—1874)

Haupt, " Zur Gesch. des Joachimismus " in Briegers Zeitschrift fiir Kirchengesch., vol. vii . (1885) . (P .