See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

ISAAC See also:

• ISAAC JOGUES (2607-2646)

JOGUES (2607-2646)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French missionary in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North offices, a handsome See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block of buildings with a See also:

• FACADE

facade 200 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and a See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower 106 ft. high . The square itself, a See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of a mile long, is the la gest in See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . The offices of the Witwatersrand chamber of mines See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market buildings . The stock See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange is in See also:

• MARSHALL
• MARSHALL, ALFRED (1842– )
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1755–1835)
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1818-1891)
• MARSHALL, STEPHEN (c. 1594-1655)

Marshall Square . The See also:

• TELEPHONE (Gr. rjXs, far, and dxwvr7, voice)

telephone exchange is in the centre of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, in Von See also:

• BRANDIS, CHRISTIAN AUGUST (1790–1867)

Brandis Square . The See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law courts are in the centre of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government Square . The See also:

• TRANSVAAL

Transvaal university See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college is in Plein Square, a little south of See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park station . In the vicinity is St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary's (See also:

• ANGLICAN

Anglican) See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall (2905-1907), the first portion of a large See also:

• BUILDING

building planned to take the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of " Old " St Mary's See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, the " See also:

• MOTHER

mother " church of the See also:

• RAND

Rand, built in 1887 . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief Jewish See also:

• SYNAGOGUE (avvaywyii)
• SYNAGOGUE, UNITED

synagogue is in the same neighbourhood . In Kerk See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street, on the outskirts of central Johannes-See also:

• BURG

burg, is the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Church of the Immaculate Conception, the headquarters of the See also:

• VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

vicar apostolic of the Transvaal . North of See also:

• JOUBERT, BARTHELEMY CATHERINE (1769–1799)
• JOUBERT, JOSEPH (1754–1824)
• JOUBERT, PETRUS JACOBUS (1834–1900)

Joubert's Park is the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital, and beyond, near the See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest of the hills, commanding the See also:

• TOWN

town and the road to See also:

• PRETORIA

Pretoria, is a fort built by the See also:

• BOER

Boer government and now used as a See also:

• GAOL, or JAIL

gaol . On the hills, some 3 M .

E.N.E. of the town, is the See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory, built in 1903 . See also:

• JOHANNESBURG

Johannesburg has several theatres and buildings adapted for public meetings . There is a See also:

• RACE

race-course 2 M. south of the town under the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the Johannesburg See also:

• TURF

Turf See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

Club . The Suburbs.—North, See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the city proper are suburbs, laid out on the same rectangular See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan . The most fashionable are to the east and north—Jeppestown, Belgravia, Doornfontein, the See also:

• BEREA

Berea, Hillbrow, Parktown, Yeoville and Bellevue . Braamfontein (with a large See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery) lies north-west and Fordsburg due west of the city . At Fordsburg are the See also:

• GAS

gas and electric See also:

• LIGHT

light and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power See also:

• WORKS

works, and north of Doornfontein there is a large See also:

• RESERVOIR

reservoir . There are also on the Rand, and dependent on the See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold-See also:

• MINING

mining, three towns possessing See also:

• SEPARATE

separate municipalities—See also:

• GERMISTON

Germiston and See also:

• BOKSBURG

Boksburg (q.v.), respectively 9 m. and 15 M . E. of Johannesburg, and See also:

• KRUGERSDORP

Krugersdorp (q.v.), 22 m . W . The Mines and other See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries.—South, east and west of the city are the gold mines, indicated by tall chimneys, See also:

• BATTERY (Fr. batterie, from battles, to beat)

battery houses and the compounds of the labourers . The See also:

• BARE

bare veld is dotted with these unsightly buildings for a distance of over fifty See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles .

The mines are worked on the most scientific lines . Characteristic of the Rand is the See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white dust arising from the crushing of the ore, and, See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the batteries, the incessant din caused by the stamps employed in that operation . The compounds in general, especially those originally made for See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese labourers, are well built, comfortable, and fulfil every hygienic requirement . Besides the buildings, the compounds include wide stretches of veld . To enter and remain in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district, See also:

• KAFFIRS (Arabic Kafir, an unbeliever)

Kaffirs require a monthly pass for which the employer pays 2s . (For details of gold-mining, see GOLD.) A railway traverses the Rand, going westward past Krugersdorp to See also:

• KLERKSDORP

Klerksdorp and thence to See also:

• KIMBERLEY
• KIMBERLEY, JOHN WODEHOUSE, 1ST EARL OF (1826-1902)

Kimberley, and eastward past Springs to Delagoa See also:

• BAY

Bay . From Springs, 25 M . E. of Johannesburg, is obtained much of the See also:

• COAL

coal used in the Rand mines . The mines within the municipal See also:

• AREA

area produce nearly See also:

• HALF

half the See also:

• TOTAL

total gold output of the Transvaal . The other industries of Johannesburg include See also:

• BREWING

brewing; See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing and See also:

• BOOKBINDING

bookbinding, See also:

• TIMBER

timber sawing, See also:

• FLOUR

flour milling, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding, See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick making and the manufacture of See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco . See also:

• HEALTH

Health, See also:

• EDUCATION

Education and Social Conditions.—The See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of Johannesburg makes it, despite its nearness to the tropics, a healthy place for See also:

• EUROPEAN

European habitation . Built on open undulating ground, the town is, however, subject to frequent dust storms and to considerable See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations in the temperature .

The nights in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter are frosty and See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow falls occasionally . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day temperature in winter is 53° F., in summer 75°; the average See also:

• ANNUAL

annual rainfall is 28 in . The See also:

• DEATH

death-See also:

• RATE

rate among white inhabitants averages about 17 per thousand . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal causes of death, both among the white and coloured inhabitants, are diseases of the lungs—including miners' See also:

• PHTHISIS (Gr. 49Lnns " wasting ")

phthisis and See also:

• PNEUMONIA (Gr. ?rveu AMP, lung)

pneumonia—See also:

• DIARRHOEA (from Gr. &Q, through, pfw, flow)

diarrhoea, See also:

• DYSENTERY (from the Gr. prefix Ova-, in the sense of " bad," and Evmpov, the intestine)

dysentery and enteric . The death-rate among See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children is very high . Education is provided in See also:

• PRIMARY

primary and secondary See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools maintained by the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . In the primary schools education is See also:

• AMERICA

America, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans on the loth of See also:

• JANUARY

January 2607 . He entered the Society of Jesus at See also:

• ROUEN

Rouen in 1624, and in 1636 was ordained and sent, by his own wish, to the See also:

• HURON
• HURON (a French term, from huge', bristled, early used as an expression of contempt, signifying "lout ")

Huron See also:

• MISSION

mission . In 2639 he went among the Tobacco Nation, and in 1642 journeyed to Sault Sainte See also:

• MARIE

Marie, where he preached to the Algonquins . Returning from an expedition to Three See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

Rivers he was captured by Mohawks, who tortured him and kept him as a slave until the summer of 1643, when, aided by some Dutchmen, he escaped to the See also:

• MANOR

manor of Rensselaerwyck and thence to New See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam . After a brief visit to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, where he was treated with high See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour, he returned to the See also:

• MOHAWK

Mohawk See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country in May 1646 and ratified a treaty between that tribe and the See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian government . Working among them as the founder of the Mission of the Martyrs, he incurred their enmity, was tortured as a sorcerer, and finally killed at Ossernenon, near Auriesville, N.Y .

See See also:

• PARKMAN, FRANCIS (1823-1893)

Parkman, The See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits in North America (1898) .