See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

JOHN (1167–1216)  , See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, the youngest son of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II. by Eleanor of See also:

• AQUITAINE

Aquitaine, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford on the 24th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1167 . He was given at an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age the nick-name of Lackland because, unlike his See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, he received no apanage in the See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental provinces . But his future was a subject of anxious thought to Henry II . When only five years old See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John was betrothed (1173) to the heiress of Maurienne and See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy, a principality which, as dominating the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief routes from See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy to See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, enjoyed a consequence out of all proportion to its See also:

• AREA

area . Later, when this See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan had fallen through, he was endowed with castles, revenues and lands on both sides of the channel; the vacant earldom of See also:

• CORNWALL

Cornwall was reserved for him (117J); he was betrothed to See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella the heiress of the earldom of See also:

• GLOUCESTER
• GLOUCESTER (abbreviated as pronounced Glo'ster)
• GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• GLOUCESTER, GILBERT DE CLARE, EARL OF (1243-1295)
• GLOUCESTER, RICHARD DE CLARE, EARL OF (1222-1262)
• GLOUCESTER, ROBERT, EARL OF (d. 1147)
• GLOUCESTER, THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, DUKE

Gloucester (1176); and he was granted the lordship of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland with the See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage of the Anglo-Irish baronage (1177) . Henry II. even provoked a See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war by attempting to See also:

• TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer the duchy of Aquitaine from the hands of See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard Coeur de See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

Lion to those of John (1183) . In spite of the incapacity which he displayed in this war, John was sent a little later to govern Ireland (1185); but he returned in a few months covered with disgrace, having alienated the loyal chiefs by his childish insolence and entirely failed to defend the settlers from the hostile septs . Remaining henceforth at his See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side he was treated with the utmost See also:

• INDULGENCE (Lat. indulgentia, indulgere, to grant, concede)

indulgence . But he joined with his See also:

• BROTHER

brother Richard and the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French king See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus in the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy of 1189, and the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of his See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of the old king (see HENRY II.) . Richard on his See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession confirmed John's existing possessions; married him to Isabella of Gloucester; and gave him, besides other grants, the entire revenues of six See also:

• ENGLISH

English shires; but excluded him from any See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the regency which was appointed to govern England during the third crusade; and only allowed him to live in the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom because urged to this concession by their See also:

• MOTHER

mother . Soon after the king's departure for the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• LAND

Land it became known that he had designated his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew, the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur of See also:

• BRITTANY

Brittany, as his successor . John at once began to intrigue against the regents with the aim of securing England for himself .

He picked a See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with the unpopular See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• LONGCHAMP, WILLIAM (d. 1197)

Longchamp (q.v.), and succeeded, by the help of the barons and the Londoners, in expelling this See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, whose chief See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault was that of fidelity to the absent Richard . ' Not being permitted to succeed Longchamp as the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, John next turned to Philip Augustus for help . A bargain was struck; and when Richard was captured by See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria (December 1192), the See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies endeavoured to prevent his See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release, and planned a See also:

• PARTITION

partition of his dominions . They were, however, unable to win either English or See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman support and their schemes collapsed with Richard's return (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1194) . He magnanimously pardoned his brother, and they lived on not unfriendly terms for the next five years . On his deathbed Richard, See also:

• REVERSING

reversing his former arrangements, caused his barons to swear fealty to John (1199), although the hereditary claim of Arthur was by the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of See also:

• PRIMOGENITURE

primogeniture undoubtedly See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior . England and See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy, after some hesitation, recognized John's See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title; the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt of See also:

• ANJOU

Anjou and Brittany to assert the rights of Arthur ended disastrously by the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of the young See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince at Mirebeau in See also:

• POITOU

Poitou (1202) . But there was no See also:

• PART

part of his dominions in which John inspired See also:

• PERSONAL

personal devotion . Originally accepted as a See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity, he soon came to be detested by the See also:

• PEOPLE

people as a See also:

• TYRANT (Gr. r6pavvos, master, ruler)

tyrant and despised by the nobles for his cowardice and See also:

• SLOTH

sloth . He inherited great difficulties—the See also:

• FEUD

feud with France, the dissensions of the continental provinces, the growing indifference of England to See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign conquests, the discontent of all his subjects with a strict executive and severe See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation . But he cannot be acquitted of personal responsibility for his misfortunes . Astute in small matters, he had no breadth of view or foresight; his policy was continually warped by his passions or caprices; he flaunted vices of the most sordid See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind with a cynical indifference to public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, and shocked an age which was far from See also:

• TENDER

tender-hearted by his ferocity to vanquished enemies .

He treated his most respectable supporters with See also:

• BASE

base ingratitude, reserved his favour for unscrupulous adventurers, and gave a See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• REIN

rein to the See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence of his mercenaries . While possessing considerable gifts of mind and a latent fund of See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy, he seldom acted or reflected until the favourable moment had passed . Each of his great humiliations followed as the natural result of crimes or blunders . By his See also:

• DIVORCE

divorce from Isabella of Gloucester he offended the English baronage (1200); by his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with Isabella of See also:

• ANGOULEME
• ANGOULEME, CHARLES DE VALOIS, DUKE OF (1573-1650)

Angouleme, the betrothed of See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh of See also:

• LUSIGNAN

Lusignan, he gave an opportunity to the discontented Poitevins for invoking French assistance and to Philip Augustus for pronouncing against him a See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence of See also:

• FORFEITURE (from " forfeit," originally an offence, and hence a fine exacted as a penalty for such; derived through the O. Fr. forfeit, from the late Lat. foris factum, a trespass, that which is done foris, outside)

forfeiture . The See also:

• MURDER

murder of Arthur (1203) ruined his cause in Normandy and Anjou; the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story that the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of the peers of France condemned him for the murder is a See also:

• FABLE (Fr. fable, Lat. fabula)

fable, but no legal See also:

• PROCESS

process was needed to convince men of his See also:

• GUILT

guilt . In the later quarrel with See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent III . (1207–1213; see See also:

• LANGTON, JOHN (d. 1337)
• LANGTON, S
• LANGTON, STEPHEN (d. 1228)
• LANGTON, WALTER (d. 1321)

LANGTON, See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

STEPHEN) he prejudiced his See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case by proposing a worthless favourite for the primacy and by plundering those of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy who bowed to the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope's sentences . Threatened with the See also:

• DESERTION

desertion of his barons he drove all whom he suspected to desperation by his terrible severity towards the See also:

• BRAOSE, WILLIAM DE (d. 1211)

Braose See also:

• FAMILY

family (1210); and by his continued misgovernment irrevocably estranged the See also:

• LOWER

lower classes . When submission to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome had somewhat improved his position he squandered his last resources in a new and unsuccessful war with France (1214), and enraged the feudal classes by new claims for military service and scutages . The barons were consequently able to exact, in Magna Carta (See also:

• JUNE

June 1215), much more than the redress of legitimate grievances; and the people allowed the See also:

• CROWN

crown to be placed under the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of an oligarchical See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee . When once the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power had been thus divided, the natural consequence was civil war and the intervention of the French king, who had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long watched for some such opportunity . John's struggle against the barons and Prince See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis (1216), afterwards King Louis VIII., was the most See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit-able See also:

• EPISODE

episode of his career .

But the calamitous situation of England at the moment of his See also:

• DEATH

death, on the 19th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1216, was in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main his See also:

• WORK

work; and while he lived a See also:

• NATIONAL

national reaction in favour of the See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty was out of the question . John's second wife, Isabella of Angouleme (d . 1246), who married her former See also:

• LOVER, SAMUEL (1797-1868)

lover, Hugh of Lusignan, after the English king's death, See also:

• BORE

bore the king two sons, Henry III. and Richard, See also:

• EARL

earl of Cornwall; and three daughters, See also:

• JOAN

Joan (1210-1238), wife of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander II., king of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, Isabella (d . 1241), wife of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick II., and Eleanor (d . 1274), wife of William See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal, earl of See also:

• PEMBROKE
• PEMBROKE (Penfro)
• PEMBROKE, EARLS OF

Pembroke, and then of See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon de See also:

• MONTFORT
• MONTFORT, SIMON DE, EARL OF LEICESTER (d. 1265)

Montfort, earl of See also:

• LEICESTER
• LEICESTER, EARLS OF
• LEICESTER, ROBERT DUDLEY, EARL
• LEICESTER, ROBERT SIDNEY, EARL OF (1563-1626)
• LEICESTER, THOMAS WILLIAM COKE, EARL OF (1754-1842)

Leicester . John had also two illegitimate sons, Richard and See also:

• OLIVER, ISAAC (c. 1566--1617)
• OLIVER, PETER (1594-1648)

Oliver, and a daughter, Joan or See also:

• JOANNA (1479-1555)

Joanna, who married See also:

• LLEWELYN

Llewelyn I. ab Iorwerth, prince of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, and who died in 1236 or 1237 .