See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

JOHN (1801-1873)  , See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, son of See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian of Saxony and his wife See also:

• CAROLINE
• CAROLINE (1683-1737)

Caroline of See also:

• PARMA

Parma (d . 1804), was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden on the 12th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 18or . As a boy he took a keen See also:

• INTEREST

interest in literature and See also:

• ART

art (also in See also:

• HISTORY

history, See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, and See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science), and studied with the greatest ardour classical and See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German literature (See also:

• HERDER, JOHANN GOTTFRIED VON (1744-1803)

Herder, See also:

• SCHILLER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1759-18o5)

Schiller, See also:

• GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749-1832)

Goethe) . He soon began to compose See also:

• POETRY

poetry himself, and See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration from a See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy (1821-1822), the See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure of which was however darkened by the See also:

• DEATH

death of his See also:

• BROTHER

brother Clemens . In See also:

• PAVIA (anc. Ticinum, q.v.)

Pavia the prince met with Biagioli's edition of See also:

• DANTE

Dante, and this gave rise to his lifelong and fruitful studies of Dante . The first See also:

• PART

part of his German See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of Dante was published in 1828, and in 1833 appeared the See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• WORK

work, with a valuable commentary, which met with a great success . Several new See also:

• EDITIONS

editions appeared under his See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant supervision, and he collected a complete library of See also:

• WORKS

works on Dante . On his return from Italy he was betrothed to Princess Amalia of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, daughter of King Maximilian See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph . He thus became the brother-in-law of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William IV., king of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia, with whom he had a deep and lasting friendship . His wife Amalia died on the 8th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1877, having See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne him nine See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, two of whom, See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert and See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George, later became See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of Saxony . On his return to Dresden, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John was called in 1822 to the privy See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of See also:

• FINANCE

finance (Geheimes Finanzkollegium) and in 1825 became its See also:

• VICE

vice-See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president . Under the leadership of the president, Freiherr von See also:

• MANTEUFFEL, EDWIN, FREIHERR VON (1809-1885)

Manteuffel, he acquired a thorough knowledge of See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration and of political See also:

• ECONOMY

economy, and laid the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of that conservatism which he retained throughout See also:

• LIFE

life .

These new activities did not, however, interrupt his See also:

• LITERARY

literary and See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic studies . He came into still closer relations with politics and See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government after his entry into the privy See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council in 1830 . During the revolution in Saxony he helped in the pacification of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, became commandant of the new See also:

• NATIONAL

national guard, the political tendencies of which he tried to check, and took an exceptionally active part in the organization of the constitution of the 4th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1831 and especially in the deliberations of the upper chamber, where he worked with unflagging See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy and great ability . Following the example of his See also:

• FATHER

father, he taught his children in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, and had a great See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on their See also:

• EDUCATION

education . On the 12th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1845, during a stay at See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, the prince was the See also:

• OBJECT

object of hostile public demonstrations, the See also:

• PEOPLE

people holding him to be the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of an alleged ultramontane party at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, and the revolution of 1848 compelled him to interrupt his activities in the upper chamber . Immediately after the suppression of the revolution he resumed his See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place and took part chiefly in the discussion of legal questions . He was also interested in the amalgamation of the German See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical and archaeological See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies . On the death of his brother Frederick See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus II., John became, on the 9th of August 1854, king of Saxony . As king he soon won great popularity owing to his simplicity, graciousness and increasingly evident know-ledge of affairs . In his policy as regards the German See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation he was entirely on the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria . Though not opposed to a reform of the federal constitution, he held that its See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance under the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of Austria was essential . This view he supported at the See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of princes at See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort in August and September 1863 .

He was unable to uphold his views against Prussia, and in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of 1866 fought on the side of Austria . It was with difficulty that, on the conclusion of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy succeeded in enabling the king to retain his See also:

• CROWN

crown . After 1866 King John gradually became reconciled to the new See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of affairs . He entered the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North German confederation, and in the war of 1870–71 with See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France his troops fought with conspicuous courage . He died at Dresden on the 29th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1873 . See J . Petzholdt, " Zur Litteratur See also:

• DES

des Konigs Johann," Neuer A nzeiger f as Bibliographie (1858,1859,1871,1873,1874); "Aphorismen fiber unsern See also:

• KONIG, KARL RUDOLPH (1832-1901)

Konig J., " Bote von Geising (1866–1869) ; Das Biichlein vom Konig Johann (Leipzig, 1867) ; H. v . See also:

• TREITSCHKE, HEINRICH VON (1834-1896)

Treitschke, Preussische Jahrbucher 23 (1869); A . See also:

• REUMONT, ALFRED VON (1808-1887)

Reumont, " Elogio di Giovanni, Re di Sassonia," Dagli Atti della Accademia della Crusca (See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, 1874) ; J . P. von Winterstein, Johann, Konig von Sachsen (Dresden, 1878), and in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (1881) ; H . Ermisch, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Wet-See also:

• LINER, or LINE OF BATTLE

liner and die Landesgeschichte (Leipzig, 1902) ; O . Kaemmel, Sachsische ,Geschichte (Leipzig, 1899, Sammlung See also:

• GOSCHEN, GEORGE JOACHIM GOSCHEN

Goschen) .

(J .