See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

JOHN OF See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

SALISBURY (c. 1115-1180)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English author, diplomatist and See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury between the years 1115 and 1120 . Beyond the fact that he was of Saxon, not of See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman See also:

• RACE

race, and applies to himself the cognomen of Parvus, " See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short," or " small," few details are known regarding his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• LIFE

life; but from his own statements it is gathered that he crossed to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France about 1136, and began See also:

• REGULAR

regular studies in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris under See also:

• ABELARD, PETER (1079-1142)

Abelard, who had there for a brief See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period re-opened his famous school on Mont St See also:

• GENEVIEVE, or GENOVEFA, ST (c. 422-512)

Genevieve . After Abelard's retirement, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John carried on his studies under Alberich of See also:

• REIMS
• REIMS (RHEIMS)

Reims and See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert of See also:

• MELUN

Melun . From 1138 to 1140 he studied See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar and the See also:

• CLASSICS

classics under See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William of Conches and See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard l'Eveque, the disciples of See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard of See also:

• CHARTRES

Chartres, though it is still a See also:

• MATTER

matter of controversy whether it was in Chartres or not (cf . A . Clerval, See also:

• LES

Les Ecoles de Chartres au moyen dge, 1895) . Bernard's teaching was distinguished partly by its pronounced Platonic tendency, partly by the stress laid upon See also:

• LITERARY

literary study of the greater Latin writers; and the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the latter feature is noticeable in all John of Salisbury's See also:

• WORKS

works . About 1140 he was at Paris studying See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology under See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert de la Porree, then under Robert Pullus and See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon of See also:

• POISSY
• POISSY, COLLOQUY OF

Poissy . In 1148 he resided at II Moutiers la See also:

• CELLE

Celle in the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of See also:

• TROYES

Troyes, with his friend See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter of Celle . He was See also:

• PRESENT

present at the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of Reims, presided over by See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• EUGENIUS

Eugenius III., and was probably presented by Bernard of See also:

• CLAIRVAUX

Clairvaux to See also:

• THEOBALD, (d. 1161)
• THEOBALD, LEWIS (1688-1744)

Theobald, See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury, at whose See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court he settled, probably about 1150 . Appointed secretary to Theobald, he was frequently sent on See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions to the papal see . During this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he composed his greatest works, published almost certainly in 1159, the Policraticus, sive de nugis curialium et de vestigiis philosophorum and the Metalogicus, writings invaluable as storehouses of See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information regarding the matter and See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of scholastic See also:

• EDUCATION

education, and remarkable for their cultivated See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style and humanist tendency .

After the See also:

• DEATH

death of Theobald in 1161, John continued as secretary to See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• BECKET, THOMAS (c. 1118—1170)

Becket, and took an active See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long disputes between that See also:

• PRIMATE (from Low Lat. primas=one who held the first place, primas partes)

primate and his See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign, See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II . His letters throw See also:

• LIGHT

light on the constitutional struggle then agitating the English See also:

• WORLD

world . With Becket he withdrew to France during the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's displeasure; he returned with him in 1170, and was present at his assassination . In the following years, during which he continued in an influential situation in Canterbury, but at what precise date is unknown, he See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up the Life of Thomas Becket . In 1176 he was made bishop of Chartres, where he passed the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of his life . In 1179 he took an active part in the council of the Lateran . He died at or near Chartres on the 25th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1180 . John's writings enable us to understand with much completeness the literary and scientific position of the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . His views imply a cultivated intelligence well versed in See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical affairs, opposing to the extremes of both See also:

• NOMINALISM (from Lat. nomen, name)

nominalism and See also:

• REALISM (from Low Lat. realis, appertaining to res, things, as opposed to ideas and imaginations)

realism a practical See also:

• COMMON

common sense . His See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine is a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• UTILITARIANISM (Lat. utilis, useful)

utilitarianism, with a strong leaning on the speculative See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side to the modified literary See also:

• SCEPTICISM (o-Kesrroµai, I consider, reflect, hesitate, doubt)

scepticism of See also:

• CICERO

Cicero, for whom he had unbounded admiration . He was a humanist before the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance, surpassing all other representatives of the school of Chartres in his knowledge of the Latin classics, as in the purity of his style, which was evidently moulded on that of Cicero . Of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek writers he appears to have known nothing at first See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, and very little in See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations .

The See also:

• TIMAEUS (c. 345—c. 250 B.e.)

Timaeus of See also:

• PLATO

Plato in the Latin version of Chalcidius was known to him as to his contemporaries and predecessors, and probably he had See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to translations of the See also:

• PHAEDO

Phaedo and Meno . Of See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle he possessed the whole of the See also:

• ORGANON (Gr. 6pyavov, instrument, from Epyov, work)

Organon in Latin; he is, indeed, the first of the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval writers of See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note to whom the whole was known . Of other Aristotelian writings he appears to have known nothing . The collected See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of the works are by J . A . See also:

• GILES (GIL, GILLES), ST

Giles (5 vols., See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1848), and by See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne, in the Patrologiae cursus, vol . 199: neither accurate . The Policraticus was edited with notes and introductions by C . C . I . See also:

• WEBB, MATTHEW (1848-1883)
• WEBB, SIDNEY (1859– )

Webb, loannis Saresberiensis episcopi Carnotensis Policratici (Oxford, 1909), 2 vols . The most See also:

• COMPLETE

complete study of John of Salisbury is the monograph by C .

Schaarschmidt, Johannes Sarisberiensis nach Leben and Studien, Schriften and Philosophic, 1862, which is a See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of accurate and complete workmanship . See also the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in the See also:

• DIET

Diet . Nat . Biog .