See also:

• JOHOR (Johore is the local official, but incorrect spelling)

JOHOR (Johore is the See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official, but incorrect spelling)  , an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent Malayan See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state at the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern end of the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula, stretching from 2° 40' S. to Cape Romania (Ramunya), the most southerly point on the mainland of See also:

• ASIA

Asia, and including all the small islands adjacent to the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast which See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of parallel 2° 40' S . It is bounded N. by the protected native state of Pahang, N.W. by the See also:

• NEGRI, ADA (187o– )

Negri Sembilan and the territory of Malacca, S. by the strait which divides See also:

• SINGAPORE (Malay, Singapiira, i.e. " The City of the Lion")

Singapore See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island from the mainland, E. by the See also:

• CHINA

China See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, and W. by the Straits of Malacca . The See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Muar was placed under the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of See also:

• JOHOR (Johore is the local official, but incorrect spelling)

Johor by the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government as a temporary measure in 1877, and was still a portion of the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan's dominions in 1910 . The coast-See also:

• LINE

line See also:

• MEASURES

measures about 250 m . The greatest length from N.W. to S.E. is 165 m., the greatest breadth from E. to W . 100 m . The See also:

• AREA

area is estimated at about 9000 sq. m . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers are the Muar, the most important waterway in the south of the peninsula; the Johor, up which See also:

• RIVER

river the old See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the state was situated; the Endau, which marks the boundary with Pahang; and the See also:

• BATU

Batu Pahat and Sed6li, of See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative unimportance . Johor is less mountainous than any other state in the peninsula . The highest See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak is Gunong Ledang, called Mt See also:

• OPHIR

Ophir by Europeans, which measures some 4000 ft. in height . Like the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the peninsula, Johor is covered from end to end by one vast spread of See also:

• FOREST

forest, only broken here and there by clearings and settlements of insignificant area . The capital is Johor Bharu (pop. about 20,000), situated at the nearest point on the mainland to the island of Singapore .

The See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace built by the sultan Abubakar is the principal feature of the See also:

• TOWN

town . It is a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental See also:

• MONTE

Monte Carlo, and is much resorted to from Singapore . The capital of the province of Muar is Bandar Maharani, named after the wife of the sultan before he had assumed his final See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of Johor is healthy and equable for a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country situated so near to the See also:

• EQUATOR (Late Lat. aequator, from aequare, to make equal)

equator; it is cooler than that of Singapore . The shade temperature varies from 98.5° F. to 68.2° F . The rainfall averages 97.28 in. per annum . No exact figures can be obtained as to the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of Johor, but the best estimates See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place it at about 200,000, of whom 150,000 are See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese, 35,000 See also:

• MALAYS

Malays, 15,000 Javanese . We are thus presented with the curious spectacle of a country under See also:

• MALAY

Malay See also:

• RULE

rule in which the Chinese outnumber the See also:

• PEOPLE

people of the See also:

• LAND

land by more than four to one . It is not possible to obtain any exact data on the subject of the See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue and See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure of the state . The revenue, however, is probably about 750,000 dollars, and the expenditure under public service is comparatively small . The revenue is chiefly derived from the revenue farms for See also:

• OPIUM (Gr. amov, dim. from Orbs, juice)

opium, See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, gambling, &c., and from See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty on See also:

• PEPPER
• PEPPER, WILLIAM (1843–1898)

pepper and See also:

• GAMBIER
• GAMBIER, JAMES GAMBIER, BARON (1756-1833)

gambier exported by the Chinese . The cultivation of these products forms the principal See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry .

Areca-nuts and See also:

• COPRA (a Spanish and Portuguese adaptation of the Malay kopperah, and Hindustani khopra, the coco-nut)

copra are also exported in some quantities, more especially from See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan There is little See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of proved value . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—It is claimed that the See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan See also:

• EMPIRE

empire of Johor was founded by the sultan of Malacca after his See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion from his See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom by the Portuguese in 1511 . It is certain that Johor took an active See also:

• PART

part, only second to that of See also:

• ACHIN (Dutch At1eh)

Achin, in the protracted See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war between the Portuguese and the Dutch for the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of Malacca . Later we find Johor ruled by an officer of the sultan of See also:

• RIOUW

Riouw (Riau), bearing the title of Tumenggong, and owing feudal See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master in See also:

• COMMON

common with the Bendahara of Pahang . In 1812, however, this officer seems to have thrown off the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of Riouw, and to have assumed the title of sultan, for one of his descendants, Sultan Husain, ceded the island of Singapore to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India See also:

• COMPANY

Company in 1819 . In 1855 the then sultan, See also:

• ALI

Ali, was deposed, and his principal See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief, the Tumenggong, was given the supreme rule by the British . His son Tumenggong Abubakar proved to be a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of exceptional intelligence . He made numerous visits to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, took considerable See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the government and development of his country, and was given by See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria the title of maharaja in 1879 . On one of his visits to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England he was made the See also:

• DEFENDANT

defendant in a suit for See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach of promise of See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, but the See also:

• PLAINTIFF

plaintiff was non-suited, since it was decided that no See also:

• ACTION

action See also:

• LAY

lay against a See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign in the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law courts . In 1885 he entered into a new agreement with the British government, and was allowed to assume the title of sultan of the state and territory of Johor . He was succeeded in 1895 by his son Sultan See also:

• IBRAHIM

Ibrahim . The government of Johor has been comparatively so See also:

• FREE

free from abuses under its native rulers that it has never been found necessary to place it under the residential See also:

• SYSTEM

system in force in the other native states of the peninsula which are under British control, and on several occasions Abubakar used his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence with See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good effect on the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of law and See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order .

The See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close proximity of Johor to Singapore has constantly subjected the rulers of the former state to the influence of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion . None the less, the Malay is by nature but See also:

• ILL

ill fitted for the drudgery which is necessary if proper See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention is to be paid to the dull details whereby government is rendered good and efficient . Abubakar's principal adviser, the Dato 'Mentri, was a worthy servant of his able master . Subsequently, however, the reins of government came chiefly into the hands of a set of See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men who lacked either experienceor the serious devotion to dull duties which is the distinguishing See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark of the English See also:

• CIVIL

civil service . Muar, in See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of the British system, is ruled by a See also:

• RAJA

raja of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Johor, who bears the title of See also:

• RESIDENT

resident . (H .