SIRE DE See also:

• JEAN

JEAN See also:

• JOINVILLE
• JOINVILLE, FRANCOIS FERDINAND PHILIPPE LOUIS MARIE, PRINCE DE (1818-1900)
• SIRE DE JEAN JOINVILLE (1224-1319)

JOINVILLE (1224-1319)  , was the second See also:

• GREAT

great writer of See also:

• HISTORY

history in Old See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, and in a manner occupies the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval between See also:

• VILLEHARDOUIN, GEOFFROY DE (c. 116o-c. 1213)

Villehardouin and See also:

• FROISSART, JEAN (1338-1410?)

Froissart . Numerous See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor chroniclers fill up the gaps, but no one of them has the See also:

• IDIOSYNCRASY (Gr. Ibwavyspavia, peculiar habit of body or temperament; 'lbws, one's own, and viryKpao , blending, tempering, from o-vyiepavvvoOat, to put together, compound, mix)

idiosyncrasy which distinguishes these three writers, who illustrate the three periods of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages—See also:

• ADOLESCENCE (Lat. adolescentia, from adolescere, to grow up, past part. adultus, grown up, Eng. " adult ")

adolescence, See also:

• COMPLETE

complete manhood, and decadence . See also:

• JOINVILLE
• JOINVILLE, FRANCOIS FERDINAND PHILIPPE LOUIS MARIE, PRINCE DE (1818-1900)
• JOINVILLE, JEAN, SIRE DE (1224-1319)

Joinville was the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• FAMILY

family of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• CHAMPAGNE

Champagne (see JOINVILLE, above) . The provincial See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of the See also:

• COUNTS

counts of Champagne had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been a distinguished one, and the See also:

• ACTION

action of See also:

• THIBAUT (or THEOBALD) IV
• THIBAUT, ANTON FRIEDRICH JUSTUS (1774-1840)

Thibaut the poet, together with the proximity of the See also:

• DISTRICT

district to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, made the province less rebellious than most of the great feudal divisions of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France to the royal authority . Joinville's first See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance at the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's court was in 1241, on the occasion of the knighting of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis IX.'s younger See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• ALPHONSE, COUNT OF TOULOUSE AND OF POITIERS (I220-1271)

Alphonse . Seven years afterwards he took the See also:

• CROSS

cross, thereby giving St Louis a valuable follower, and supplying himself with the occasion of an eternal memory . The crusade, in which he distinguished himself equally by See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom and prowess, taught his See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical spirit several lessons . He returned with the king in 1254 . But, though his reverence for the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of his See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince seems to have known no See also:

• BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds, he had probably gauged the strategic faculties of the saintly king, and he certainly had imbibed the spirit of the dictum that a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man's first duties are those to his own See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . He was in the intervals of See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence on his own See also:

• FIEF

fief a See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant attendant on the court, but he declined to accompany the king on his last and fatal expedition . In 1282 he was one of the witnesses whose testimony was formally given at St See also:

• DENIS (DIoNysms), SAINT
• DENIS, JOHANN NEPOMUK COSMAS MICHAEL (1729-1800)

Denis in the See also:

• MATTER

matter of the canonizatior. of Louis, and in 1298 he was See also:

• PRESENT

present at the See also:

• EXHUMATION (from Med. Lat. exhumare; ex, out of, and humus, ground)

exhumation of the See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint's See also:

• BODY

body . It was not till even later that he began his See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• WORK

work, the occasion being a See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request from Jeanne of See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre, the wife of Philippe le See also:

• BEL

Bel and the See also:

• MOTHER

mother of Louis le Hutin .

The great interval between his experiences and the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of his history is important for the due comprehension of the latter . Some years passed before the task was completed, on its own showing, in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1309 . Jeanne was by this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time dead, and Joinville presented his See also:

• BOOK

book to her son Louis the Quarreller . This See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript is now lost, whereby hangs a See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale . Great as was his See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, Joinville had not ceased to be actively loyal, and in 1315 he complied with the royal See also:

• SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear arms against the Flemings . He was at Joinville again in 1317, and on the 11th of See also:

• JULY

July 1319 he died at the age of ninety-five, leaving his possessions and his position as See also:

• SENESCHAL (the O. Fr. form, mod. senechal, of the Low Lat. senescalcus, a word of Teutonic origin, meaning " old or senior servant," Goth. sini- old; cf. Lat. senex and stalks, servant; Du Cange's derivation from seneste, flock, herd, must be rejected)

seneschal of Champagne to his second son See also:

• ANSELM
• ANSELM (c. 1033-1109)

Anselm . He was buried in the neighbouring See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• LAURENT, FRANCOIS (1810–1887)

Laurent, where during the Revolution his bones underwent profanation . Besides his Histoire de Saint Louis and his Credo or " See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

Confession of Faith " written much earlier, a considerable number, relatively speaking, of letters and business documents concerning the fief of Joinville and so forth are extant . These have an importance which we shall consider further on; but Joinville owes his See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general estimation only to his history of his crusading experiences and of the subsequent See also:

• FATE

fate of St Louis . Of the famous French history books of the middle ages Joinville's bears the most vivid impress of the personal characteristics of its composer . It does not, like Villehardouin, give u; a picture of the See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper and habits of a whole See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order or See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast of men during a heroic period of human history; it falls far See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short of Froissart in vivid portraying of the picturesque and See also:

• EXTERNAL

external aspects of social See also:

• LIFE

life; but it is a more personal book than either . The age and circumstances of the writer must not be forgotten in See also:

• READING

reading it .

He is a very old man telling of circumstances which occurred in his youth . He evidently thinks that the times have not changed for the better—what with the frequency with which the See also:

• DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

devil is invoked in See also:

• MODERN

modern France, and the sinful See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure See also:

• COMMON

common in the matter of embroidered See also:

• SILK

silk coats . But this laudation of times past concentrates itself almost wholly on the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of the sainted king whom, while with feudal See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence he had declined to swear fealty to him, " because I was not his man," he evidently regarded with an unlimited reverence . His age, too, while garrulous to a degree, seems to have been See also:

• FREE

free from the slightest taint of boasting . No one perhaps ever took less trouble to make himself out a See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero than Joinville . He is constantly admitting that on such and such an occasion he was terribly afraid; he confesses without the least shame that, when one of his followers suggested See also:

• DEFIANCE

defiance of the See also:

• SARACENS

Saracens and voluntary See also:

• DEATH

death, he (Joinville) paid not the least See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to him; nor does he See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to See also:

• GLOSS, GLOSSARY

gloss in any way his refusal to ac-See also:

• COMPANY

company St Louis on his unlucky second crusade, or his invincible conviction that it was better to be in mortal See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin than to have the leprosy, or his decided preference for See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine as little watered as might be, or any other weakness . Yet he was a sincerely religious man, as the curious Credo, written at See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

Acre and forming a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of anticipatory appendix to the history, sufficiently shows . He presents himself as an altogether human person, brave enough in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field, and, at least when See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young, capable of extravagant devotion to an ideal, provided the ideal was fashionable, but having at bottom a sufficient respect for his own skin and a full consciousness of the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side on which his See also:

• BREAD

bread is buttered . Nor can he be said to be in all respects an intelligent traveller . There were in him what may be called glimmerings of deliberate literature, but they were hardly more than glimmerings . His famous description of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire has a most provoking mixture of circumstantial detail with See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of verifying particulars . It is as matter-of-fact and See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative as See also:

• DANTE

Dante, without a See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch of Dante's See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius .

" The See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion of Greek fire was such that it came to us as great as a See also:

• TUN

tun of verjuice, and the fiery tail of it was as big as a mighty See also:

• LANCE

lance; it made such See also:

• NOISE (a word of doubtful origin; O. Fr. nogse or nose; Prov. nausa, which points to Lat. nausea, sickness, as the origin; others take Lat. noxia, harm, as the source)

noise in the coming that it seemed like the See also:

• THUNDER

thunder from See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven, and looked like a See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

dragon flying through the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air; so great a See also:

• LIGHT

light did it throw that through-out the See also:

• HOST

host men saw as though it were See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day for the light it threw." Certainly the excellent seneschal has not stinted himself of comparisons here, yet they can hardly be said to be luminous . That the thing made a great See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame, a great noise, and struck terror into the beholder is about the sum of it all . Every now and then indeed a striking circumstance, strikingly told, occurs in Joinville, such as the famous incident of the woman who carried in one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand a chafing dish of fire, in the other a phial of See also:

• WATER

water, that she might See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn heaven and quench See also:

• HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

hell, lest in future any man should serve See also:

• GOD

God merely for See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of the one or fear of the other . But in these cases the author only repeats what he has heard from others . On his own See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account he is much more interested in small personal details than in greater things . How the Saracens, when they took him prisoner, he being See also:

• HALF

half dead with a complication of diseases, kindly See also:

• LEFT

left him " un mien couverture d'ecarlate which his mother had given him, and which he put over him, having made a hole therein and See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound it See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round him with a See also:

• CORD (derived through the Fr. corde, from the Lat. chorda, Gr. xop(5rt, the string of a musical instrument)

cord; how when he came to Acre in a pitiable See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition an old servant of his house presented himself, and " brought me clean See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white hoods and combed my See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair most comfortably ", how he bought a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred tuns of wine and served it—the best first, according to high authority—well-watered to his private soldiers, somewhat less watered to the squires, and to the knights neat, but with a suggestive phial of the weaker liquid to mix " si comme ils vouloient "—these are the details in which he seems to take greatest See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure, and for readers six hundred years after date perhaps they are not the least interesting details . It would, however, be a See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake to imagine that Joinville's book is exclusively or even mainly a See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

chronicle of small See also:

• BEER

beer . If he is not a Villehardouin or a See also:

• CARLYLE, ALEXANDER (1722-1805)
• CARLYLE, JOSEPH DACRE (1759-18o4)
• CARLYLE, THOMAS (1795-1881)

Carlyle, his battlepieces are vivid and truthful, and he has occasional passages of no small episodic importance, such as that dealing with the Old Man of the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

Mountain . But, above all, the central figure of his book redeems it from the possibility of the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of being See also:

• COMMONPLACE

commonplace or ignoble . To St Louis Joinville is a nobler See also:

• BOSWELL, JAMES (1740-1795)

Boswell; and hero-worshipper, hero, and heroic ideal all have something of the See also:

• SUBLIME (Lat. sublimis, exalted)

sublime about them . The very pettiness of the details in which the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good seneschal indulges as to his own weakness only serves to enhance the sublime unworldliness of the king . Joinville is a better See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior than Louis, but, while the former frankly prays for his own safety, the latter only thinks of his See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army's when they have escaped from the hands of the aliens .

One of the king's knights boasts that ten thousand pieces have been " forcontes " (counted short) to the Saracens; and it is with the utmost trouble that Joinville and the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest can persuade the king that this is a joke, and that the Saracens are much more likely to have got the See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage . He warns Joinville against wine-bibbing, against See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, against all manner of foibles small and great; and the See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil acknowledges that this physician at any See also:

• RATE

rate had healed himself in these respects . It is true that he is severe towards infidels; and his approval of the See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight who, finding a See also:

• JEW, THE WANDERING

Jew likely to get the better of a theological See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument, resorted to the baculine variety of See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic, does not meet the views of the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . But Louis was not of the zoth century but of the 13th, and after his kind he certainly deserved Joinville's admiration . Side by side with his indignation at the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of See also:

• CHEATING

cheating his Saracen enemies may be mentioned his See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to those who after Taillebourg complained that he had let off See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry III. too easily . " He is my man now, and he was not before," said the king, a most unpractical person certainly, and in some ways a sore saint for France . But it is easy to understand the half-despairing See also:

• ADORATION (Lat. ad, to, and os, mouth; i.e. " carrying to one's mouth ")

adoration with which a shrewd and somewhat prosaic person like Joinville must have regarded this See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower of See also:

• CHIVALRY (O. Fr. chevalerie, from Late Lat. caballerius)

chivalry See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born out of due time . He has had his See also:

• REWARD

reward, for assuredly the portrait of St Louis, from the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early collection of anecdotes to the last hearsay See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of the woeful end at See also:

• TUNIS

Tunis, with the famous enseignement which is still the best See also:

• SUMMARY

summary of the theoretical duties of a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian king in See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval times, is such as to take away all charge of vulgarity or See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere commerage from Joinville, a charge to which otherwise he might perhaps have been exposed . The arrangement of the book is, considering its circumstances and the date of its composition, sufficiently methodical . According to its own account it is divided into three parts—the first dealing generally with the character and conduct of the hero; the second with his acts and deeds in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine, &c., as Joinville knew them; the third with his subsequent life and death . Of these the last is very brief, the first not long; the middle constitutes the bulk of the work . The contents of the first See also:

• PART

part are, as might be expected, See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous enough, and consist chiefly of stories chosen to show the valour of Louis, his piety, his See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, his personal See also:

• TEMPERANCE

temperance, and so forth .

The second part enters upon the history of the crusade itself, and tells how Joinville pledged all his See also:

• LAND

land See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save so much as would bring in a thousand livres a See also:

• YEAR

year, and started with a brave See also:

• RETINUE (O. Fr. retenue, from retenir, Lat. retenere, hold back, retain)

retinue of nine knights (two of whom besides himself wore bannerets), and shared a See also:

• SHIP

ship with the sire d'Aspremont, leaving Joinville without raising his eyes," pour ce que le cuer ne me attendrisist du biau chastel que je lessoie et de See also:

• MES

mes deux enfans "; how they could not get out of sight of a high mountainous See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island (See also:

• LAMPEDUSA

Lampedusa or Pantellaria) till they had made a procession round the masts in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the Virgin; how they reached first See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

Cyprus and then Egypt; how they took See also:

• DAMIETTA

Damietta, and then entangled themselves in the See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

Delta . Bad generalship, which is sufficiently obvious, unwholesome See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food—it was See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

Lent, and they See also:

• ATE

ate the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish which had been feasting on the carcases of the slain—and Greek fire did the rest, and personal valour was of little avail,not merely against See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers and better generals,but against See also:

• DYSENTERY (from the Gr. prefix Ova-, in the sense of " bad," and Evmpov, the intestine)

dysentery and a certain " mal de See also:

• POST

Post " which attacked the mouth and the legs, a curious human version of a well-known bestial malady . After See also:

• RANSOM (from Lat. redemptio, through Fr. rancon)

ransom Acre was the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of Louis's stay in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, and here Joinville lived in some See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, and saw not a few interesting things, See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing besides much See also:

• GOSSIP (from the O.E. godsibb, i.e. God, and sib, akin, standing in relation to)

gossip as to the inferior affairs of See also:

• ASIA

Asia from ambassadors, merchants and others . At last they journeyed back again to France, not without considerable experiences of the perils of the deep, which Joinville tells with a good See also:

• DEAL

deal of spirit . The See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of the book is very brief . Some anecdotes of the king's " justice," his favourite and distinguishing attribute during the sixteen years which intervened between the two See also:

• CRUSADES

crusades, are given; then comes the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of Joinville's own refusal to join the second expedition, a refusal which bluntly alleged the harm done by the king's men who stayed at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home to the vassals of those who went abroad as the See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of Joinville's See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution to remain behind . The death of the king at Tunis, his enseignement to his son, and the story of his See also:

• CANONIZATION

canonization complete the work . The book in which this interesting story is told has had a literary' history which less affects its matter than the vicissitudes to which Froissart has been subjected, but which is hardly less curious in its way . There is no reason for supposing that Joinville indulged in various See also:

• EDITIONS

editions, such as those which have given Kervyn de Lettenhove and See also:

• SIMEON
• SIMEON (or SYMEON) OF DURHAM (d. after 1129)
• SIMEON, JOSEPH JEROME, COMTE (1749–1842)

Simeon Luce so much trouble, and which make so vast a difference between the first and the last redaction of the chronicler of the Hundred Years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War . Indeed the great'age of the seneschal of Champagne, and his intimate first-hand acquaintance with his subject, made such See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations extremely improbable . But, whereas there is no great difficulty (though much labour) in ascertaining the original and all subsequent texts of Froissart, the original See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of Joinville was until recently unknown, and even now may be said to be in the state of a conjectural restoration . It has been said that the book was presented to Louis le Hutin .

Now we have a See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

catalogue of Louis le Hutin's library, and, See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange to say, Joinville does not figure in it . His book seems to have undergone very much the same fate as that which befell the originals of the first two volumes of the Fasten Letters which See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Fenn presented to See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George the Third . Several royal library catalogues of the 14th century are known, but in none of these does the Histoire de St Louis appear . It does appear in that of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V . (1411), but apparently no copy even of this survives . As everybody knows, however, books could be and were multiplied by the See also:

• PROCESS

process of copying tolerably freely, and a copy at first or second hand which belonged to the fiddler king Rene of See also:

• PROVENCE (Provincia, Proenza)

Provence in the 15th century was used for the first printed edition in 1547 . Other editions were printed from other versions, all evidently posterior to the original . But in 1741 the well-known medievalist La Curne de St Palaye found at See also:

• LUCCA (anc. Luca)
• LUCCA, BAGNI DI (Baths of Lucca, formerly Bagno a Corsena)

Lucca a manuscript of the 16th century, evidently representing an older text than any yet printed . Three years later a 14th-century copy was found at See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels, and this is the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard manuscript authority for the text of Joinville . Those who prefer to rest on MS. authority will probably hold to this text, which appears in the well-known collection of See also:

• MICHAUD, JOSEPH FRANCOIS (1767–1839)

Michaud and Poujoulat as well as that of See also:

• BUCHON, JEAN ALEXANDRE (1791-1849)

Buchon, and in a careful and useful See also:

• SEPARATE

separate edition by Francisque See also:

• MICHEL
• MICHEL, CLAUDE
• MICHEL, FRANCISQUE XAVIER (1809-1887)

Michel . The modern See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science of See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical editing, however, which applies to medieval texts the principles long recognized in editing the See also:

• CLASSICS

classics, has discovered in the 16th-century manuscript, and still more in the original miscellaneous See also:

• WORKS

works of Joinville, the letters, deeds, &c., already alluded to, the materials for what we have already called a conjectural restoration, which is not without its See also:

• INTEREST

interest, though perhaps it is possible for that interest to be exaggerated . For merely general readers Buchon's or Michaud's editions of Joinville will amply suffice .

Both include See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations into modern French, which, however, are hardly necessary, for the language is very easy . Natalis de See also:

• WAILLY, NOEL FRANCOIS DE (1724-1801)

Wailly's editions of 1868 and particularly 1874 are critical editions, embodying the modern See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research connected with the text, the value of which is considerable, but contestable . They are accompanied by ample annotations and appendices, with illustrations of great merit and value . Much valuable See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information appeared for the first time in the edition of F . Michel (1859) . To these may be added A . F . See also:

• DIDOT

Didot's Etudes sur Joinville (1870) and H . F . See also:

• DELABORDE, HENRI FRANCOIS, COUNT (1764-1833)

Delaborde's See also:

• JEAN

Jean de Joinville (1894) . A good sketch of the whole subject will be found in Aubertin's Histoire de la langue et de la litterature francaises au moyen dge, ii . 196–211; see also Gaston Paris, Litt. franeaise an moyen dge (1893), and A .

Debidour, See also:

• LES

Les Chroniqueurs (1888) . There are See also:

• ENGLISH

English translations by T . Johnes (1807), J . See also:

• HUTTON, CHARLES (1737-1823)
• HUTTON, JAMES (1726-1797)
• HUTTON, RICHARD HOLT (1826-1897)

Hutton (1868), Ethel See also:

• WEDGWOOD, JOSIAH (1730-1795)

Wedgwood (1906), and (more liter-ally) Sir F . T . Marzials (" Everyman's Library," 1908) . (G .