See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

BARON See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

ANTOINE See also:

• HENRI

HENRI See also:

• BARON ANTOINE HENRI JOMINI (1779-1869)

JOMINI (1779-1869)  , See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general in the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and afterwards in the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian service, and one of the most celebrated writers on the See also:

• ART

art of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the6th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1779 at Payerne in the See also:

• CANTON
• CANTON (borrowed from the Ital. cantone, a corner or angle)
• CANTON (more correctly KWANG-CHOW Fu)
• CANTON, JOHN (1718-1772)

canton of See also:

• VAUD (Ger. Waadt)

Vaud, See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, where his See also:

• FATHER

father was See also:

• SYNDIC (Late Lat. syndicus, Gr. vivv&aos, one who helps in a court of justice, an advocate, representative, crap, with, and Sirc77, justice)

syndic . His youthful preference for a military See also:

• LIFE

life was disappointed by the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the Swiss regiments of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France at the Revolution . For some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he was a clerk in a See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris banking-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, until the outbreak of the Swiss revolution . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of nineteen he was appointed to a See also:

• POST

post on the Swiss headquarters See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff, and when scarcely twenty-one to the command of a See also:

• BATTALION

battalion . At the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• LUNEVILLE

Luneville in r8or he returned to business life in Paris, but devoted himself chiefly to preparing the celebrated Traite See also:

• DES

des grandes operations militaires, which was published in 1804-1805 . Introduced to Marahal See also:

• NEY, MICHEL

Ney, he served in the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of See also:

• AUSTERLITZ (Czech Slavkov)

Austerlitz as a volunteer aide-de-See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp on Ney's See also:

• PERSONAL

personal staff . In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1805 See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, being much impressed by a See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter in See also:

• JOMINI, ANTOINE HENRI, BARON (1779-1869)

Jomini's See also:

• TREATISE

treatise, made him a See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel in the French service . Ney thereupon made him his See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal aide-de-camp . In 1896 Jomini published his views as to the conduct of the impending war with See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia, and this, along with his knowledge of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick the See also:

• GREAT

Great's See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns, which he had described in the Traite, led Napoleon to attach him to his own headquarters . He was See also:

• PRESENT

present with Napoleon at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• JENA

Jena, and at See also:

• EYLAU (Preussisch-Eylau)

Eylau won the See also:

• CROSS

cross of the See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

Honour . After the peace of See also:

• TILSIT

Tilsit he was made See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the staff to Ney, and created a See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron . In the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish campaign of 1808 his See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice was often of the highest value to the See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal, but Jomini quarrelled with his chief, and was See also:

• LEFT

left almost at the See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy of his numerous enemies, especially See also:

• BERTHIER, LOUIS ALEXANDRE

Berthier, the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor's chief of staff .

Overtures had been made to him, as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1807, to enter the Russian service, but Napoleon, See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing of his intention to leave the French See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, compelled him to remain in the service with the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of general of See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade . For some years thereafter Jomini held both a French and a Russian See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission, with the consent of both sovereigns . But when war between France and See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out, he was. in a difficult position, which he ended by taking a command on the See also:

• LINE

line of communication . He was thus engaged when the See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat from See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow and the uprising of Prussia transferred the seat of war to central See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . He promptly rejoined Ney, took See also:

• PART

part in the battle of Liitzen and, as chief of the staff of Ney's See also:

• GROUP

group of See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, rendered distinguished services before and at the battle of See also:

• BAUTZEN (Wendish Budissin, " town ")

Bautzen, and was recommended for the rank of general of See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division . Berthier, however, not only erased Jomini's name from the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list, but put him under See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest and censured him in army orders for failing to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply certain returns that had been called for . How far Jomini was held responsible for certain misunderstandings which prevented the attainment of all the results hoped for from Ney's attack (see BAUTZEN) there is no means of knowing . But the pretext for censure was trivial and baseless, and during the See also:

• ARMISTICE (from Lat. arma, arms, and sistere, to stop)

armistice Jomini did as he had intended to do in 1809-10, and went into the Russian service . As things then were, this was tantamount to deserting to the enemy, and so it was regarded by Napoleon and by the French army, and by not a few of his new comrades . It must be observed, in Jomini's See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence, that he had for years held a dormant commission in the Russian army, that he had declined to take part in the invasion of Russia in 1812, and that he was a Swiss and not a Frenchman . His patriotism was indeed unquestioned, and he withdrew from the Allied Army in 1814 when he found that he could not prevent the violation of Swiss See also:

• NEUTRALITY

neutrality . Apart from love of his own See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, the See also:

• DESIRE

desire to study, to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach and to practise the art of war was his ruling See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive .

At the See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical moment of the battle of Eylau he exclaimed, " If I were the Russian See also:

• COMMANDER

commander for two See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours !" On joining the See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies he received the rank of See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-general and the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of aide-de-camp from the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar, and rendered important assistance during the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German campaign, though the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge that he betrayed the See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, positions and intentions of the French to the enemy was later acknowledged by Napoleon to be without See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation . He declined as a Swiss patriot and as a French officer to take part in the passage of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine at See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel and the subsequent invasion of France . In 1815 he was with the emperor See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander in Paris, and attempted in vain to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the life of his old commander Ney . This almost cost him his position in the Russian service, but he succeeded in making See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head against his enemies, and took part in the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna . Resuming, after a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of several years of retirement and See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• WORK

work, his post in the Russian army, he was about 1823 made a full general, and thenceforward until his retirement in 1829 he was principally employed in the military See also:

• EDUCATION

education of the tsarevich See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas (afterwards emperor) and in the organization of the Russian staff See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college, which was opened in 1832 and still bears its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original name of the Nicholas See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy . In 1828 he was employed in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field in the Russo-See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish War, and at the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• VARNA

Varna he was given the See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• CORDON (a French derivative of corde, cord)

cordon of the Alexander See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . This was his last active service . In 1829 he settled at See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels where he chiefly lived for the next See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years . In 18J3, after trying without success to bring about a See also:

• POLITICAL

political understanding between France and Russia, Jomini was called to St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as a military adviser to the tsar during the See also:

• CRIMEAN

Crimean War . He returned to Brussels on the conclusion of peace in 1856 and some years afterwards settled at Passy near Paris . He was busily employed up to the end of his life in See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing See also:

• TREATISES

treatises, See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets and open letters on subjects of military art and See also:

• HISTORY

history, and in 1859 he was asked by Napoleon III. to furnish a See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of campaign in the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian War . One of his last essays dealt with the war of 1866 and the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the See also:

• BREECH (common in early forms to Teutonic languages)

breech-loading See also:

• RIFLE

rifle, and he died at Passy on the 24th of March 1869 only a See also:

• YEAR

year before the Franco-German War .

Thus one of the earliest of the great military theorists lived to speculate on the See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics of the present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . See also:

• JONAH
• JONAH, RABBI (ABULWALID MERWAN IBN JANAH, also R. MARINUS) (c. 996-c. 1050)

Jonah, but how different a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man is he ! It is, however, the later Jonah who chiefly interests us . New problems have arisen out of the See also:

• BOOK

book which relates to him, but here we can only See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to consider what, in a certain sense, may be called the See also:

• SURFACE

surface meaning of the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text . This, then is what we appear to be told . The See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet Jonah is summoned to go to See also:

• NINEVEH (Heb. m}'?, in classical authors Nivos, Ninus; LXX. Ntsetni, Nnveun: Assyrian Nind or Ninua)

Nineveh, a great and wicked See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city (cf . 4 Esdras ii . 8, 9), and prophesy against it . Jonah, however, is afraid (iv . 2) that the Ninevites may repent, so, instead of going to Nineveh, he proceeds to See also:

• JOPPA

Joppa, and takes his passage in a See also:

• SHIP

ship See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound for Tarshish . But soon a See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm arises, and, supplication to the gods failing, the sailors See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast lots to discover the guilty man who has brought this great trouble . The See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot falls on Jonah, who has been roughly awakened by the See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain, and when questioned frankly owns that he is a See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew and a worshipper of the divine creator Yahweh, from whom he has sought to flee (as if He were only the See also:

• GOD

god of See also:

• CANAAN, CANAANITES

Canaan) .

Jonah advises the sailors to throw him into the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . This, after praying to Yahweh, they actually do; at once the sea becomes See also:

• CALM

calm and they See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice to Yahweh . Meantime God has " appointed a great See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish " which swallows up Jonah . Three days and three nights he is in the fish's belly, till, at a word from Yahweh, it vomits Jonah on to the dry ground . Again Jonah receives the divine See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call . This time he obeys . After delivering his See also:

• MESSAGE (a word occurring in slightly different forms in several languages, e.g. Fr. message, Span. mensaje, Ital. messagio; adapted from the Low Lat. missaticum, from mittere)

message to Nineveh he makes himself a See also:

• BOOTH (connected with a Teutonic root meaning to dwell, whence also " bower ")
• BOOTH, BARTON (1681–1933)
• BOOTH, CHARLES (184o– )
• BOOTH, EDWIN [THOMAS] (1833–1893)

booth outside the walls and See also:

• WAITS (A.S. wacan, to " wake " or " watch,")

waits in vain for the destruction of the city (probably iv . 5 is misplaced and should stand after iii . 4) . Thereupon Jonah beseeches Yahweh to take away his worthless life . As an See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer Yahweh " appoints " a small quickly-growing See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree with large leaves (the See also:

• CASTOR

castor-oil plant) to come up over the angry prophet and shelter him from the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun . But the next day the beneficent tree perishes by God's " appointment " from a See also:

• WORM

worm-bite .

Once more God " appoints " something; it is the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind, which, together with the fierce See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, brings Jonah again to desperation . The See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close is See also:

• FINE

fine, and reminds us of See also:

• JOB

Job . God himself gives See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-sighted man a See also:

• LESSON (through Fr. lecon from Lat. lectio, reading; legere, to read)

lesson . Jonah has pitied the tree, and should not God have pity on so great a city ? Two results of See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism are widely accepted . One relates to the See also:

• PSALM (from the Gr. word * hXAew, to play the harp)

psalm in ch. ii., which has been transferred from some other See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place; it is in fact an anticipatory thanksgiving for the deliverance of See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel, mostly composed of phrases from other See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

psalms . The other is that the narrative before us is not See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical but an imaginative See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story (such as was called a See also:

• MIDRASH

Midrash) based upon Biblical data and tending to edification . It is, however, a story of high type . The narrator considered that Israel had to be a prophet to the " nations" at large, that Israel had, like Jonah, neglected its See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty and for its See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment was " swallowed up " in See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign lands . God had watched over His See also:

• PEOPLE

people and prepared its choicer members to fulfil His purpose . This See also:

• COMPANY

company of faithful but not always sufficiently charitable men represented their people, so that it might be said that Israel itself (the second See also:

• ISAIAH
• ISAIAH, ASCENSION OF

Isaiah's " Servant of Yahweh "—see ISAIAH) had taken up its duty, but in an ungenial spirit which grieved the All-merciful One . The book, which is post-exilic, may therefore be grouped with another Midrash, the Book of See also:

• RUTH, BOOK OF

Ruth, which also appears to represent a current of thought opposed to the exclusive spirit of Jewish legalism .

Some critics, however, think that the See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key of symbolism needs to be supplemented by that of See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology . The " great fish " especially has a very mythological See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance . The Babylonian See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

dragon myth (see See also:

• COSMOGONY (from Gr. K6Qµos, world and yiyvevGay to be born)

COSMOGONY) is often alluded to in the Old Testament, e.g. in Jer . IL 44, which, as the present writer See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long since pointed out, may supply the missing See also:

• LINK

link between Jonah i . 17 and the original myth . For the " great fish " is ultimately Tiamat, the dragon of See also:

• CHAOS

chaos, represented historically by See also:

• NEBUCHADREZZAR, or NEBUCHADNEZZAR

Nebuchadrezzar, by whom for a time God permitted or " appointed " Israel to be swallowed up . For further details see T . K . See also:

• CHEYNE, THOMAS KELLY (1841— )

Cheyne, Ency . Bib., " Jonah "; and his See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article " Jonah, a Study in Jewish See also:

• FOLKLORE

Folklore and See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion," Theological See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review (1877), pp . 211–219 . See also:

• KONIG, KARL RUDOLPH (1832-1901)

Konig, See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings's See also:

• DIET

Diet .

See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible, " Jonah," is full but not lucid; C . H . H . See also:

• WRIGHT, CARROLL DAVIDSON (1840-1909)
• WRIGHT, CHAUNCEY (1830-1875)
• WRIGHT, JOSEPH (1734-1797)
• WRIGHT, SILAS (1795-1847)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1809–1884)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1810—1877)
• WRIGHT, WILLIAM ALDIS (1836– )

Wright, Biblical Studies (1886) argues ably for the symbolic theory . Against Cheyne, see See also:

• MARTI, JUAN JOSE (157o?-1604)

Marti's work on the See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor Prophets (1894) ; the " great fish " Amongst his numerous See also:

• WORKS

works the principal, besides the Traite, are: Histoire critique et militaire des campagnes de la Revolution (1806; new ed . 1819–1824); See also:

• VIE

Vie politique et militaire de Napoleon racontee See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par lui-me"me (1827) and, perhaps the best known of all his publications, the theoretical Precis de l'art de la guerre (1836) . See See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand Lecomte, Le General Jomini, sa vie et ses ecrits (1861; new ed . 1888) ; C . A . See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-Beuve, Le General Jomini (1869) ; A . See also:

• PASCAL, BLAISE (1623-1662)
• PASCAL, JACQUELINE (1625-T661)

Pascal, Observations historiques sur la vie, &c., du general Jomini (1842) .