JUSTUS See also:

• JUSTUS JONAS (1493–1555)

JONAS (1493–1555)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant reformer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• NORDHAUSEN

Nordhausen in Thuringia, on the 5th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1493 . His real name was Jodokus (See also:

• JOBST

Jobst) See also:

• KOCH
• KOCH, ROBERT (1843–1910)

Koch, which he changed according to the See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of German scholars in the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, when at the university of See also:

• ERFURT

Erfurt . He entered that university in 15o6, studied See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law and the humanities, and became See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

Master of Arts in 151o . In 1511 he went to See also:

• WITTENBERG

Wittenberg, where he took his See also:

• BACHELOR (from Med. Lat. baccalarius, with its late and rare variant baccalaris—cf. Ital. baccalare—through O. Fr. bacheler)

bachelor's degree in law . He returned to Erfurt in 1514 or 1515, was ordained See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest, and in 1518 was promoted See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor in both faculties and appointed to a well-endowed canonry in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• SEVERUS
• SEVERUS, SULPICIUS (c. 363–c. 425)

Severus, to which a profes-sorship of law was attached . His See also:

• GREAT

great admiration for See also:

• ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS (1466–1536)

Erasmus first led him to See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and biblical studies, and his See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election in May 1519 as See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector of the university was regarded as a See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph for the partisans of the New Learning . It was not, however, until after the See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig disputation with See also:

• ECK, JOHANN MAIER (1486-1543)

Eck that See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther won his See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance . He accompanied Luther to See also:

• WORMS

Worms in 1521, and there was appointed by the elector of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• CANON

canon law at Wittenberg . During Luther's stay in the See also:

• WARTBURG, THE

Wartburg See also:

• JONAS, JUSTUS (1493–1555)

Jonas was one of the most active of the Wittenberg reformers . Giving himself up to See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching and polemics, he aided the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation by his See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift as a translator, turning Luther's and See also:

• MELANCHTHON, FHILIPP (1497–155o)

Melanchthon's See also:

• WORKS

works into German or Latin as the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case might be, thus becoming a sort of See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double of both . He was busied in conferences and visitations during the next twenty years, and in See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic See also:

• WORK

work with the princes . In 1541 he began a successful preaching crusade in See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle; he became See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent of its churches in 1542 .

In 1546 he was See also:

• PRESENT

present at Luther's deathbed at See also:

• EISLEBEN (Lat. Islebia)

Eisleben, and preached the funeral See also:

• SERMON (Lat. sermo, a discourse)

sermon; but in the same See also:

• YEAR

year was banished from the duchy by See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke (later elector) of Saxony . From that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time until his See also:

• DEATH

death, Jonas was unable to secure a satisfactory living . He wandered from See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to place preaching, and finally went to Eisfeld (1553), where he died . He had been married three times . See Brief swechsel See also:

• DES

des Justus Jonas, gesammelt .und bearbeitet von G . Kawerau (2 vols., Halle, 1884–1885) ; Kawerau's See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie, ed . 3, with bibliography .