See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

WILLIAM See also:

• JONES
• JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
• JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
• JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
• JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
• JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
• JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
• JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
• JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
• JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
• JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
• JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
• JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
• SIR WILLIAM JONES (1746-1794)
• JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
• JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)

JONES (1746-1794)  , See also:

• BRITISH

British Orientalist and jurist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• LONDON

London on the 28th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1746 . He distinguished himself at See also:

• HARROW

Harrow, and during his last three years there applied himself to the study of See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages, teaching himself the rudiments of Arabic, and See also:

• READING

reading See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew with tolerable ease . In his vacations he improved his acquaintance with See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian . In 1764 See also:

• JONES
• JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
• JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
• JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
• JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
• JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
• JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
• JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
• JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
• JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
• JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
• JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
• JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
• JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
• JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
• JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)

Jones entered University See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, where he continued to study Oriental literature, and perfected himself in See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian and Arabic by the aid of a Syrian Mirza, whom he had discovered and brought from London . He added to his knowledge of Hebrew and made considerable progress in Italian, See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish and Portuguese . He began the study of See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese, and made himself See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical characters of that See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . During five years he partly supported himself by acting as See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor to See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Althorpe, afterwards the second See also:

• EARL

Earl See also:

• SPENCER
• SPENCER, HERBERT (1820-1903)
• SPENCER, JOHN CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL (1782-1845)
• SPENCER, JOHNPOYNTZ SPENCER
• SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBERT (1769-1834)

Spencer, and in 1766 he obtained a fellowship . Though but twenty-two years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, he was already becoming famous as an Orientalist, and when See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian VII. of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark visited See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in 1768, bringing with him a See also:

• LIFE

life of See also:

• NADIR (Arabic nadir, " opposite to," used elliptically for nadir-es-semt, "opposite to the zenith ")

Nadir Shah in Persian, Jones was requested to translate the MS. into French . The See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation appeared in 1770, with an introduction containing a description of See also:

• ASIA

Asia and a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• HISTORY

history of See also:

• PERSIA

Persia . This was followed in the same See also:

• YEAR

year by a Traite sur la poesie orientale, and by a French metrical translation ofthe odes of See also:

• HAFIZ

Hafiz . In 1771 he published a Dissertation sur la liteerature orientale, defending Oxford scholars against the criticisms made by See also:

• ANQUETIL
• ANQUETIL, LOUIS PIERRE (1723-18o8)

Anquetil Du See also:

• PERRON (a French word meaning properly a "large stone," Ital. Petrone, from Lat. Petra, Fr. pierre, stone)
• PERRON, PIERRE CUILLIER (1755-1834)

Perron in the introduction to his translation of the Zend-Avesta . In the same year appeared his See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

Grammar of the Persian Language .

In 1772 Jones published a See also:

• VOLUME

volume of Poems, Chiefly See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

Translations from Asiatick Languages, together with Two Essays on the See also:

• POETRY

Poetry of Eastern Nations and on the Arts commonly called Imitative, and in 1774 a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise entitled Poeseos Asiaticce commentatorium libri See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex, which definitely confirmed his authority as an Oriental See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar . Finding that some more financially profitable occupation was necessary, Jones devoted himself with his customary See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy to the study of the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, and was called to the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar at the See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple in 1774 . He studied not merely the technicalities, but the See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, of law, and within two years had acquired so considerable a reputation that he was in 1776 appointed See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner in See also:

• BANKRUPTCY (from Lat. bancus or Fr. banquet table or counter, and Lat. ruptus, broken)

bankruptcy . Besides See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing an See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

Essay on the Law of Bailments, which enjoyed a high reputation both in England and See also:

• AMERICA

America, Jones translated, in 1778, the speeches of See also:

• ISAEUS (c.42o B.C.-C. 350 B.c.)

Isaeus on the Athenian right of See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance . In 178o he was a See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for the university of Oxford, but withdrew from the contest before the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election, as he found he had no See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of success owing to his Liberal opinions, especially on the questions of the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War and of the slave See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . In 1783 was published his translation of the seven See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Arabic poems called Moallakdt . In the same year he was appointed See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge of the supreme See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of judicature at See also:

• CALCUTTA

Calcutta, then " Fort See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William," and was knighted . Shortly after his arrival in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India he founded, in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1784, the See also:

• BENGAL
• BENGAL, BAY OF

Bengal See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic Society, of which he remained See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president till his See also:

• DEATH

death . Convinced as he was of the See also:

• GREAT

great importance of consulting the . See also:

• HINDU

Hindu legal authorities in the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original, he at once began the study of See also:

• SANSKRIT

Sanskrit, and undertook, in 1788, the See also:

• COLOSSAL

colossal task of compiling a See also:

• DIGEST

digest of Hindu and See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan law . This he did not live to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete, but he published the admirable beginnings of it in his Institutes of Hindu Law, or the Ordinances of Manu (1794); his Mohammedan Law of See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

Succession to See also:

• PROPERTY

Property of Intestates; and his Mohammedan Law of Inheritance (1792) . In 1789 Jones had completed his translation of See also:

• KALIDASA

Kalidasa's most famous See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

drama, Sakuntald .

He also translated the collection of fables entitled the Hitopadesa, the Gitagovinda, and considerable portions of the Vedas, besides editing the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of Kalidasa's poem Ritusamhara . He was a large contributor also to his society's volumes of Asiatic Researches . His unremitting See also:

• LITERARY

literary labours, together with his heavy judicial See also:

• WORK

work, told on his See also:

• HEALTH

health after a ten years' See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in Bengal; and he died at Calcutta on the 27th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1794 . An extraordinary linguist, knowing thirteen languages well, and having a moderate acquaintance with twenty-eight others, his range of knowledge was enormous . As a See also:

• PIONEER

pioneer in Sanskrit learning and as founder of the Asiatic Society he rendered the language and literature of the ancient See also:

• HINDUS

Hindus accessible to See also:

• EUROPEAN

European scholars, and thus became the indirect cause of later achievements in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field of Sanskrit and See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology . A See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument to his memory was erected by the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East India See also:

• COMPANY

Company in St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul's, London, and a statue in Calcutta . See the Memoir (1804) by Lord See also:

• TEIGNMOUTH
• TEIGNMOUTH, JOHN SHORE, 1ST BARON (1751-1834)

Teignmouth, published in the collected edition of See also:

• SIR

Sir W . Jones's See also:

• WORKS

works .