See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place)  , the only See also:

• RIVER

river of See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine and one of the most remark-able in the See also:

• WORLD

world . It flows from See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north to See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south in a deep trough-like valley, the Aulon of the Greeks and See also:

• GHOR, or GHUR

Ghor of the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs, which is usually believed to follow the See also:

• LINE

line of a See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault or fracture of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth's crust . Most geologists hold that the valley is See also:

• PART

part of an old See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed, traces of which remain in numerous See also:

• SHINGLE

shingle-See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks and See also:

• BEACH

beach-levels . This, they say, once extended to the Red Sea and even over N.E . See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . Shrinkage caused the pelagic See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone bottom to be upheaved in two ridges, between which occurred a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long fracture, which can now be traced from Coelesyria down the See also:

• WADI

Wadi Araba to the Gulf of See also:

• AKABA, GULF OF

Akaba . The See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

Jordan valley in its See also:

• LOWER

lower part keeps about the old level of the sea-bottom and is therefore a remnant of the See also:

• MIOCENE

Miocene world . This theory, however, is not universally accepted, some authorities preferring to assume a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of more strictly See also:

• LOCAL

local elevations and depressions, connected with the See also:

• RECENT

recent volcanic activity of the Jaulan and Lija districts on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• BANK

bank; which brought the contours finally to their actual See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form . In any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the number of distinct sea-beaches seems to imply a succession of convulsive changes, more recent than the See also:

• GREAT

great Miocene upheaval, which are responsible for the shrinkage of the See also:

• WATER

water into the three isolated pans now found . For more than two-thirds of its course the Jordan lies below the level of the sea . It has never been navigable, no important See also:

• TOWN

town has ever been built on its banks, and it runs into an inland sea which has no See also:

• PORT

port and is destitute of aquatic See also:

• LIFE

life . Throughout See also:

• HISTORY

history it has exerted a separatist See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, roughly dividing the settled from the nomadic populations; and the See also:

• CROSSING

crossing of Jordan, one way or the other, was always an event in the history of See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel .

In See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew times its valley was regarded as a " See also:

• WILDERNESS

wilderness " and, except in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman era, seems always to have been as sparsely inhabited as now . From its See also:

• SOURCES

sources to the Dead Sea it rushes down a continuous inclined See also:

• PLANE

plane, broken here and there by more than See also:

• HALF

half-way down the lower course . On the right the rapids and small falls; between the Sea of See also:

• GALILEE
• GALILEE (Heb. 5'S?, " border " or " ring," Gr. I'aXi?aia)
• GALILEE, SEA OF

Galilee and the Dead Jalud descends from 'the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain of Esdraelon to near Beisan, Sea its sinuosity is so great that in a See also:

• DIRECT

direct distance of 65 m. and the Far'a from near Nablus . Various See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt springs rise in it traverses at least 200 M . The mean fall is about 9 ft. in the the lower valley . The See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the tributaries are wadis, dry mile . The Jordan has two great sources, one in Tell el-Kadi except after rains . (See also:

• DAN

Dan) whence springs the Nahr Leddan, a stream 12 ft. broad Such human life as may be found in the valley now is mainly at its See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth; the other at Banias (anc . Paneas, Caesarea-See also:

• PHILIPPI (Turk. Filibejik)

Philippi), migratory . The Samaritan villagers use it in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter as pasture-some 4 M . N., where the Nahr Banias issues from a See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave, about ground, and, with the Circassians and Arabs of the east bank, 30 ft. broad . But two longer streams with less water contest cultivate plots here and there .

They retire on the approach of their claim, the Nahr Barrighit from Coelesyria, which rises summer . See also:

• JERICHO (WI:, m;, once ahn:, a word of disputed meaning, whether " fragrant " or " moon [-god] city ")

Jericho is the only considerable See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement in the near the springs of the See also:

• LITANY

Litany, and the Nahr Hasbany from lower valley, and it lies some distance See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the stream on See also:

• HERMON

Hermon . The four streams unite below the fortress of Banias, the lower slopes of the Judaean heights . which once held the See also:

• GATE

gate of the valley, and flow into a marshy See W . F . See also:

• LYNCH, PATRICIO (1825–1886)

Lynch, Narrative of the U.S . Expedition, &c . (1849) ; See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract now called Huleh (Semechonitis, and perhaps Merom of H . B . Tristram, See also:

• LAND

Land of Israel (1865) ; J . See also:

• MACGREGOR, JOHN [" Roc RoY "] (1825-1892)

Macgregor, Rob See also:

• ROY, WILLIAM (1726-1790)

Roy on the See also:

• JOSHUA, BOOK OF

Joshua . There the Jordan begins to fall below sea-level, rushing Jordan (1870); A .

Neubauer, See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

Geography ofGeo raphie du See also:

• TALMUD

Talmud E1 See also:

• HULL
• HULL (in O.Eng. hulu, from helan, to cover, cf. Ger. Hiille, covering)
• HULL (officially KINGSTON-UPON-HULL)
• HULL, ISAAC (1775-1843)

Hull, the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Land (1865) down 68o ft. in 9 m. to a See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta, which opens into the Sea of See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Seir, &c . (1885), and Memoir on the See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology of See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia Petraea, Galilee . Thereafter it follows a valley which is usually not above &c . (1886) ; G . A . See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, Hist . Geography of the Holy Land (1894) ; 4 M. broad, but opens out twice into the small plains of Bethshan W . Libbey and F . E . See also:

• HOSKINS, JOHN (d. 1664)

Hoskins, The Jordan Valley, &c . (19055) . See and Jericho .

The river actually flows in a depression, the Zor, also PALESTINE . (C . W . W . ; D . G . H.) from a See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter to 2 M. wide, which it has hollowed out for JORDANES,' the historian of the See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic nation, flourished itself in the bed of the Ghor . During the See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season (See also:

• JANUARY

January about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . All that we certainly know and See also:

• FEBRUARY

February), when the Jordan overflows its banks, the Zor about his life is contained in three sentences of his history of the is flooded, but when the water falls it produces See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich crops . The Goths (cap . 5o), from which, among other particulars as to the See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor of the Ghor falls gently to the Zor, and is intersected by history of his See also:

• FAMILY

family, we learn that his grandfather Paria was deep channels, which have been cut by the small streams and See also:

• NOTARY, or NOTARY PUBLIC

notary to Candac, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of a See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation of Alans and other winter torrents that See also:

• TRAVERSE

traverse it on their way to the Jordan . As tribes settled during the latter half of the 5th century on the south far south as Kurn Surtabeh most of the valley is fertile, and even of the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube in the provinces which are now See also:

• BULGARIA
• BULGARIA, EASTERN

Bulgaria and the between that point and the Dead Sea there are several well- Dobrudscha .

Jordanes himself was the notary of Candac's watered oases . In summer the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat in the Ghor is intense, See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew, the Gothic chief Gunthigis, until he took the vows of a I Io° F. in the shade, but in winter the temperature falls to' 4o°, See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk . This, according to the manner of speaking of that See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, and sometimes to 32° at See also:

• NIGHT

night . During the seasons of See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain and is the meaning of his words ante conversionem means, though it is melting See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow the river is very full, and liable to freshets . After quite possible that he may at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time have renounced twelve See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours' rain it has been known to rise from 4 to 5 ft., the Arian creed of his forefathers, which it is clear that he no and to fall as rapidly . In 1257 the Jordan was dammed up longer held when he wrote his Gothic history . The Getica of for several hours by a landslip, probably due to heavy rain . On Jordanes shows Gothic sympathies; but these are probably due leaving the Sea of Galilee the water is quite clear, but it soon to an See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of the See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone of See also:

• CASSIODORUS (not Cassiodorius)

Cassiodorus, from whom he draws assumes a tawny See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour from the soft See also:

• MARL (from O. Fr. marle, Late Lat. margila, dim. of marga; cf. Du. and Ger. Mergel)

marl which it washes away practically all his material . He was not himself a Goth, belong-from its banks and deposits in the Dead Sea . On the whole it is See also:

• ING

ing to a confederation of Germanic tribes, embracing Alans and an unpleasant foul stream See also:

• RUNNING

running between poisonous banks, Scyrians, which had come under the influence of the See also:

• OSTROGOTHS, or EAST GOTHS

Ostrogoths and as such it seems to have been regarded by the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews and other settled on the lower Danube; and his own sympathies are those Syrians . The Hebrew poets did not sing its praises, and others of a member of this confederation . He is accordingly friendly to compared it unfavourably with the clear See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers of See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus. the Goths, even apart from the influence of Cassiodorus; but he is The See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay of the valley was used for brickmaking, and See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon also prepossessed in favour of the eastern emperors in whose terriestablished brassfoundries there .

From crusading times to this tories this confederation lived and whose subject he himself was. day it has grown See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-See also:

• CANE

cane . In Roman times it had extensive This makes him an impartial authority on the last days of the See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm-groves and some small towns (e.g . Livias or Julias opposite Ostrogoths . At the same time, living in See also:

• MOESIA (Gr. Muck and Mveia i)

Moesia, he is restricted Jericho) and villages . The Jordan is crossed by two See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone in his outlook to Danubian affairs . He has little to say of the See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges—one north of See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Huleh, the other between that lake inner history and policy of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• THEODORIC

Theodoric: his inter-and the Sea of Galilee—and by a wooden See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge on the road ests See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie, as See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen says, within a triangle of which the three from See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem to See also:

• GILEAD (i.e. " hard " or " rugged," a name sometimes used, both in earlier and in later writers, to denote the whole of the territory occupied by the Israelites eastward of Jordan, extending from the Arnon to the southern base of Hermon (Dent. xxxiv. 1; J

Gilead and See also:

• MOAB

Moab . During the Roman points are Sirmium, See also:

• LARISSA (Turk. Yeni Shehr, " new town ")

Larissa and See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople . Finally, See also:

• CON

con-See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, and almost to the end of the Arab supremacy, there were netted as he was with the Mans, he shows himself friendly to bridges on all the great lines of communication between eastern them, whenever they enter into his narrative . and western Palestine, and ferries at other places . The See also:

• DEPTH

depth of We pass from the extremely shadowy See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality of Jordanes water varies greatly with the season . When not in See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood the to the more interesting question of his See also:

• WORKS

works . river is often fordable, and between the Sea of Galilee and the 1 .

The See also:

• ROMANA

Romana, or, as he himself calls it, De summa temporum Dead Sea there are then more than fifty fords—some of them of vel origine actibusque geniis Romanorum, was composed in 551. historic See also:

• INTEREST

interest . The only difficulty is occasioned by the erratic It was begun before, but published after, the Getica . It is a zigzag current . The natural products of the Jordan valley See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch. of the history of the world from the creation, based on —a tropical See also:

• OASIS (Gr. &toss, the name given by Herodotus to the fertile spots in the Libyan desert: it probably represents an Egyptian word, cf. Coptic ouahe, ouih, to dwell, from which the Egyptian Arabic sod is derived)

oasis sunk in the temperate See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone, and overhung by See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome, the See also:

• EPITOME
• EPITOME (Gr. lircroui, from isrLTEµveW, to cut short)

epitome of See also:

• FLORUS
• FLORUS, JULIUS
• FLORUS, PUBLIUS ANNIUS

Florus, See also:

• OROSIUS, PAULUS (fl. 415)

Orosius and the ecclesiastical Alpine Hermon—are unique . See also:

• PAPYRUS

Papyrus grows in Lake Huleh, history of See also:

• SOCRATES

Socrates . There is a curious reference to See also:

• IAMBLICHUS
• IAMBLICHUS (d. c. A.D. 330)

Iamblichus, and See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice and cereals thrive on its shores, whilst below the Sea of apparently the neo-platonist philosopher, whose name Jordanes, Galilee the vegetation is almost tropical . The See also:

• FLORA

flora and See also:

• FAUNA

fauna being, as he says himself, agrammatus, inserts by way of a See also:

• PRESENT

present a large infusion of Ethiopian types; and the See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, with flourish . The See also:

• WORK

work is only of any value for the century 450–which the river is abundantly stocked, have a great See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity with 55o, when Jordanes is dealing with recent history . It is merely those of the rivers and lakes of east Africa . Ere the Jordan a hasty compilation intended to stand See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by side with the enters the Dead Sea, its valley has become very barren and for- Getica.2 bidding . It reaches the lake at a minus level of 1290 ft., the 2 . The other work of Jordanes commonly called De See also:

• REBUS (Lat. rebus, " by things ")

rebus depression continuing downwards to twice that depth in the Geticis or Getica, was styled by himself De origine actibusque bed of the Dead Sea .

It receives two affluents, with perennial 2 The See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of See also:

• MSS

MSS. is overwhelming against the form Jor- See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters, on the See also:

• LEFT

left, the Yarmuk (Hieromax) which flows in from nandes . The MSS. exhibit Jordanis or Jordannls; but these are only Vulgar-Latin spellings of Jordanes. the volcanic Jaulan a little south of the Sea of Galilee, and the 2 The terms of the See also:

• DEDICATION (Lat. dedicatio, from dedicare, to proclaim, to announce)

dedication of this See also:

• BOOK

book to a certain See also:

• VIGILIUS

Vigilius Zerka (Jabbok) which comes from the Belka See also:

• DISTRICT

district to a point make it impossible that the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope (538–555) of that name is meant . Get arum, and was also written in 551 . He informs us that while he was engaged upon the Romana a friend named Castalius invited him to compress into one small See also:

• TREATISE

treatise the twelve books —now lost—of the senator Cassiodorus, on The Origin and Actions of the Goths . Jordanes professes to have had the work of Cassiodorus in his hands for but three days, and to reproduce the sense not the words; but his book, See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short as it is, evidently contains long verbatim extracts from the earlier author, and it may be suspected that the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of the triduana lectio and the See also:

• APOLOGY (from Gr. &aoXoyia, defence)

apology quamvis verba non recolo, possibly even the friendly invitation of Castalius, are See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere blinds to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover his own entire want of originality . This suspicion is strengthened by the fact (discovered by von See also:

• SYBEL, HEINRICH VON (1817-1895)

Sybel) that even the very See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface to his book is taken almost word for word from See also:

• RUFINUS, TYRANNIUS

Rufinus's See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen's commentary on the See also:

• EPISTLE

epistle to the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans . There is no doubt, even on Jordanes' own statements, that his work is based upon that of Cassiodorus, and that any See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth which it possesses is due to that fact . Cassiodorus was one of the very few men who, Roman by birth and sympathies, could yet appreciate the greatness of the barbarians by whom the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire was overthrown . The chief adviser of Theodoric, the East Gothic See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, he accepted with ardour that monarch's great See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme, if indeed, he did not himself originally suggest it, of See also:

• WELDING (i.e. the action of the verb " to weld," the same word as " to well," to boil or spring up, the history of the word being to boil, to heat to a high degree, to beat heated iron; according to Skeat, who points out that in Swedish the compound verb

welding Roman and Goth together into one harmonious See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state which should preserve the social refinement and the intellectual culture of the Latin-speaking races without losing the See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

hardy virtues of their See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic conquerors . To this aim everything in the See also:

• POLITICAL

political life of Cassiodorus was subservient, and this aim he evidently kept before him in his Gothic history . But in See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing that history Cassiodorus was himself indebted to the work of a certain Ablabius . It was Ablabius, apparently, who had first used the Gothic sagas (prisca carmina); it was he who had constructed the See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem of the Amals .

Whether he was a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek, a Roman or a Goth we do not know; nor can we say when he wrote, though his work may be dated conjecturally in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early part of the reign of Theodoric the Great . We can only say that he wrote on the origin and history of the Goths, using both Gothic See also:

• SAGA (literally a story committed to writing)

saga and Greek sources; and that if Jordanes used Cassiodorus, Cassiodorus used, if to a less extent, the work of Ablabius . Cassiodorus began his work, at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of Theodoric, and therefore before 526: it was finished by 533 . At the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root of the work lies a theory, whencesoever derived, which identified the Goths with the Scythians, whose See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country See also:

• DARIUS (Pers. Darayavaush; Old Test. Daryavesh)

Darius See also:

• HYSTASPES (the Greek form of the Persian Vishtaspa)

Hystaspes invaded, and with the See also:

• GETAE

Getae of See also:

• DACIA

Dacia, whom See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan conquered . This See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification enabled Cassiodorus to bring the favoured See also:

• RACE

race into line with the peoples of classical antiquity, to interweave with their history stories about See also:

• HERCULES
• HERCULES (0. Lat. Hercoles, Hercles)

Hercules and the See also:

• AMAZONS

Amazons, to make them invade See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, to claim for them a See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom of the semi-mythical Scythian philosopher Zamolxis . He was thus able with some show of plausibility to represent the Goths as "wiser than all the other barbarians and almost like the Greeks " (Jord., De reb . Get., cap. v.), and to send a son of the Gothic king Telephus to fight at the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• TROY
• TROY, JEAN FRANCOIS DE (1679–1752)

Troy, with the ancestors of the Romans . All this we can now perceive to have no relation to history, but at the time it may have made the subjugation of the Roman less See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter to feel that he was not after all bowing down before a race of See also:

• BARBARIAN (Gr. fap/3apos)

barbarian up-starts, but that his See also:

• AMAL

Amal See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign was as firmly rooted in classical antiquity as any See also:

• JULIUS

Julius or See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius who ever wore the See also:

• PURPLE

purple . In the eighteen years which elapsed between 533 and the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of the Getica of Jordanes, great events, most disastrous for the Romano-Gothic See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy of Theodoric, had taken See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . It was no longer possible to write as if the whole See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization of the Western world would sit down contentedly under the See also:

• SHADOW (0. Eng. Schadewe, sceadu; a form of " shade "; connected with Gr. 6-Ore's, darkness)

shadow of East Gothic dominion and Amal See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty . And, moreover, the instincts of Jordanes, as a subject of the Eastern Empire, pre-disposed him to flatter the sacred See also:

• MAJESTY (Fr. majeste; Lat. majestas, grandeur, greatness, from the base mag-, as in magnus, great, major, greater, &c.)

majesty of Justinian, by whose victorious arms the overthrow of the barbarian kingdom in Italy had been effected . Hence we perceive two currents of tendency in the Getica .

On the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, as a transcriber of the See also:

• PHILO
• PHILO, HERENNIUS

philo-Goth Cassiodorus, he magnifies the race of See also:

• ALARIC (Ala-reiks, " All-ruler "), (c. 370-410)

Alaric and Theodoric, and claims for them their full share, perhaps more than their full share, of See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory in the past . On the other hand he speaks of the great See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Teuton See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Justinian, and of his reversal of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German conquests of the 5th century, in See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language which would certainly have grated on the ears of See also:

• TOTILA (d. 552)

Totila and his heroes . When See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna is taken, and Vitigis carried into captivity, Jordanes almost exults in the fact that " the See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility of the Amals and the illustrious offspring of so many mighty men have surrendered to a yet more illustrious See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince and a yet mightier See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, whose fame shall not grow dim through all the centuries." (Getica, lx . § 315) . This laudation, both of the Goths and of their See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine conquerors, may perhaps help us to understand the See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive with which the Getica was written . In the See also:

• YEAR

year 551 Germanus, nephew of Justinian, accompanied by his See also:

• BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

bride, Matasuntha, See also:

• GRAND

grand-daughter of Theodoric, set forth to reconquer Italy for the empire . His early See also:

• DEATH

death prevented any schemes for a revived Romano-Gothic kingdom which may have been based on his personality . His widow, however, See also:

• BORE

bore a See also:

• POSTHUMOUS

posthumous See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child, also named Germanus, of whom Jordanes speaks (cap . 6o) as " blending the See also:

• BLOOD

blood of the Anicii and the Amals, and furnishing a See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope under the divine blessing of one day uniting their glories." This younger-Germanus did nothing in after life to realize these anticipations; but the somewhat pointed way in which his name and his See also:

• MOTHER

mother's name are mentioned by Jordanes lends some See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability to the view that he hoped for the child's succession to the Eastern Empire, and the final reconciliation of the Goths and Romans in the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of a Gotho-Roman emperor . The De rebus Geticis falls naturally into four parts . The first (chs. i.–xiii.) commences with a See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical description of the three quarters of the world, and in more detail of See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and Scanzia (See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden), from which the Goths under their king Berig migrated to the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of the Baltic . Their See also:

• MIGRATION

migration across what has since been called Lithuania to the shores of the Euxine, and their differentiation into Visigoths and Ostrogoths, are See also:

• NEST

nest described .

Chs. v.–xiii. contain an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the intrusive Geto-Scythian See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element before alluded to . The second See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section (chs. xiv.–See also:

• XXIV

xxiv.) returns to the true history of the Gothic nation, sets forth the See also:

• GENEALOGY (from the Gr. yivos, family, and Vryos, theory)

genealogy of the Amal See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, and describes the inroads of the Goths into the Roman Empire in the 3rd century, with the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation and the overthrow of the great but somewhat shadowy kingdom of Hermanric . The third section (chs. See also:

• XXV

xxv.–xlvii.) traces the history of the West Goths from the Hunnish invasion to the downfall of the Gothic kingdom in See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul under Alaric II . (376–507) . The best part of this section, and indeed of the whole book, is the seven chapters devoted to See also:

• ATTILA (d. 453)

Attila's invasion of Gaul and the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of the See also:

• MAURIAC

Mauriac plains . Here we have in all probability a verbatim See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract from Cassiodorus, who (possibly resting on Ablabius) interwove with his narrative large portions of the Gothic sagas . The celebrated expression certaminis gaudia assuredly came at first neither from the suave See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister Cassiodorus nor from the small-souled notary Jordanes, but is the translation of some thought which first found utterance through the lips of a Gothic See also:

• MINSTREL

minstrel . The See also:

• FOURTH

fourth section (chs. xlviii.–lx.) traces the history of the East Goths from the same Hunnish invasion to the first overthrow of the Gothic monarchy in Italy (376–539) . In this fourth section are inserted, somewhat out of their proper place, some valuable details as to the Gothi Minores, " an immense See also:

• PEOPLE

people dwelling in the region of See also:

• NICOPOLIS, or ACTIA NICOPOLIS

Nicopolis, with their high See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest and See also:

• PRIMATE (from Low Lat. primas=one who held the first place, primas partes)

primate Vulfilas, who is said also to have taught them letters." The book closes with the allusion to Germanus and the See also:

• PANEGYRIC

panegyric on Justinian as the conqueror of the Goths referred to above . Jordanes refers in the Getica to a number of authors besides Cassiodorus; but he owes his knowledge of them to Cassiodorus . It is perhaps only when he is using Orosius that we can hold Jordanes to have borrowed directly . Otherwise, as Mommsen says, the Getica is a mera epitome, laxata See also:

• EA(nar...), (p.s„,.,.)
• EA(psr...), (p, „...)• (pqr...)

ea et perverse, historiae Gothicae Cassiodorianae .

As to the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style and See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of Jordanes, every author who has used him speaks in terms of severe censure . When he is left to himself and not merely transcribing, he is sometimes scarcely grammatical . There are awkward gaps in his narrative and statements inconsistent with each other . He quotes, as if he were familiarly acquainted with their writings, a number of Greek and Roman writers, of whom it is almost certain that he had not read more than one or two . At the same time he does not quote the chronicler See also:

• MARCELLINUS, ST

Marcellinus, from whom he has copied verbatim the history of the deposition of Augustulus . All these faults make him a peculiarly unsatisfactory authority where we cannot check his statements by those of other authors . It may, however, be pleaded in extenuation that he is professedly a transcriber, and, if his story be correct, a transcriber in peculiarly unfavourable comprises the shorelands from See also:

• MALABAR

Malabar to See also:

• COCHIN
• COCHIN, DENYS MARIE PIERRE AUGUSTIN (1851L'Evolution de la vie (1895); Le Monde exterieur (1845); Contre les barbares (1899)

Cochin See also:

• CHINA

China; while See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor stretches from See also:

• SIND

Sind (or perhaps from See also:

• BALUCHISTAN

Baluchistan) to Malabar; and India Tertia (evidently dominated by See also:

• AFRICAN

African conceptions in his mind) includes a vast undefined coast-region west of Baluchistan, reaching into the neighbourhood of, but not including, See also:

• ETHIOPIA, or AETHIOPIA (Gr. AlOtoaia)

Ethiopia and Prester See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John's domain . See also:

• JORDANUS (JORDAN CATALANI) (ft. 1321–1330)

Jordanus' Mirabilia contains the earliest clear African identification of Prester John, and what is perhaps the first See also:

• NOTICE

notice of the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Sea under that name; it refers to the author's See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in India See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major and especially at Kulam, as well as to his travels in See also:

• ARMENIA (old Persian Armina, Armenian Hayasdan, or Hayq)

Armenia, north-west See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, the Lake See also:

• VAN

Van region, and See also:

• CHALDAEA

Chaldaea; and it supplies excellent descriptions of Parsee doctrines and See also:

• BURIAL

burial customs, of See also:

• HINDU

Hindu ox-See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship, idol-See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual, and See also:

• SUTTEE (an English corruption of Sanskrit sail, " good woman " or true " wife ")

suttee, and of See also:

• INDIAN

Indian fruits, birds, animals and See also:

• INSECTS

insects . After the 8th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1330 we have no more knowledge of See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop Jordanus . Of Jordanus' Epistles there is only one MS., viz . See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, See also:

• NATIONAL

National Library, 5006 See also:

• LAT

Lat., fol . 182, r. and v.; of the Mirabilia also one MS. only, viz .

See also:

• LONDON

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