FLAVIUS See also:

• FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS (c. 37-C. 95?)

JOSEPHUS (c. 37-C. 95?)  , Jewish historian and military See also:

• COMMANDER

commander, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in the first See also:

• YEAR

year of Caligula (37–38) . His See also:

• FATHER

father belonged to one of the noblest priestly families, and through his See also:

• MOTHER

mother he claimed descent from the Asmonaean high See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest See also:

• JONATHAN
• JONATHAN (Heb. " Yah [weh] gives ")

Jonathan . A precocious student of the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law, he made trial of the three sects of Judaism—See also:

• PHARISEES

Pharisees, See also:

• SADDUCEES

Sadducees and See also:

• ESSENES

Essenes—before he reached the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of nineteen . Then, having spent three years in the See also:

• DESERT

desert with the See also:

• HERMIT

hermit B anus, who was presumably an Essene, he became a Pharisee . In 64 he went to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome to intercede on behalf of some priests, his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, whom the See also:

• PROCURATOR (Lat. procurare, to take care of)

procurator See also:

• FELIX
• FELIX, ANTONIUS
• FELIX, LIA (1830– )

Felix had sent to render See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account to See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar for some insignificant offence . Making friends with Alityrus, a Jewish actor, who was a favourite of See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero, See also:

• JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS (c. 37-C. 95?)

Josephus obtained an introduction to the empress Poppaea and effected his purpose by her help . His visit to Rome enabled him to speak from See also:

• PERSONAL

personal experience of the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire, when he expostulated with the revolutionary See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews on his return to See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine . But they refused to listen; and he, with all the Jews who did not See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, was dragged into the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion of 66 . In See also:

• COMPANY

company with two other priests, Josephus was sent to See also:

• GALILEE
• GALILEE (Heb. 5'S?, " border " or " ring," Gr. I'aXi?aia)
• GALILEE, SEA OF

Galilee under orders (he says) to persuade the See also:

• ILL

ill-affected to See also:

• LAY

lay down their arms and return to the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance, which the Jewish See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy had not yet renounced . Having sent his two companions back to See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem, he organized the forces at his disposal, and made arrangements for the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of his See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province . His obvious See also:

• DESIRE

desire to preserve law and See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order excited the hostility of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John of Giscala, who endeavoured vainly to remove him as a traitor to the See also:

• NATIONAL

national cause by inciting the Galileans to kill him `and by persuading the Sanhedrin at Jerusalem to recall him . In the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 67 the Jewish troops, whom Josephus had drilled so sedulously, fled before the Roman forces of See also:

• VESPASIAN

Vespasian and See also:

• TITUS
• TITUS, FLAVIUS SABINUS VESPASIANUS
• TITUS, THE EPISTLE TO

Titus .

He sent to Jerusalem for reinforcements, but none came . With the stragglers who remained, he held a stronghold against the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans by dint of his native cunning, and finally, when the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place was taken, persuaded See also:

• FORTY

forty men, who shared his hiding-place, to kill one another in turn rather than commit See also:

• SUICIDE (from Lat. sui, of oneself, and cidium, from cued ere, to kill)

suicide . They agreed to See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast lots, on the understanding that the second should kill the first and so on . Josephus providentially See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew the last See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot and prevailed upon his destined victim to live . Their companions were all dead in accordance with the compact; but Josephus at any See also:

• RATE

rate survived and surrendered . Being led before Vespasian, he was inspired to prophesy that Vespasian would become See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor . In consequence of the prophecy his See also:

• LIFE

life was spared, but he was kept See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close prisoner for two years . When his prophecy was fulfilled he was liberated, assumed the name of Flavius, the See also:

• FAMILY

family name of Vespasian, and accompanied his See also:

• PATRON

patron to See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria . There he took another wife, as the Jewess allotted him by Vespasian after the fall of Caesarea had forsaken him, and returned to attend Titus and to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as intermediary between him and the Jews who still held Jerusalem . His efforts in this capacity failed; but when the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city was stormed (7o) Titus granted him whatever boon he might ask . So he secured the lives of some See also:

• FREE

free men who had been taken and (by the See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of Titus) certain sacred books . After this he repaired to Rome and received one of the See also:

• PENSIONS

pensions, which Vespasian (according to Suetonius) was the first to bestow upon Latin and See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek writers .

He was also made a Roman See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen and received an See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate in See also:

• JUDAEA

Judaea . Thenceforward he devoted himself to See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• WORK

work under the patronage of Vespasian, Titus and See also:

• DOMITIAN (Thus FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS)

Domitian . As he mentions the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• AGRIPPA
• AGRIPPA, HEROD, I
• AGRIPPA, HEROD, II
• AGRIPPA, MARCUS VIPSANIUS

Agrippa II. it is probable that he lived into the 2nd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century; but the date of Agrippa's death has been challenged and, if his patron Epaphroditus may be identified with Nero's freedman, it is possible that Josephus may have been involved in his fall and perished under Domitian in 95 .