See also:

• JOSIAH (Heb. yo' shiyydhu, perhaps " Yah [weh] supports ")

JOSIAH (Heb. yo' shiyydhu, perhaps " Yah [weh] supports ")  , in the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible, the See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of See also:

• MANASSEH (7th cent. B.C.)
• MANASSEH (apparently Hebrew for " he who causes to for-get," but see H. W. Hogg, Encyc. Bib., s.v.); in the Bible, a tribe of Israel, the elder but less important of the "sons" of Joseph. Its seat lay to the north of Ephraim, but its boundaries can scarce

Manasseh, and See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• JUDAH

Judah . He came to the See also:

• THRONE

throne at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of eight, after the See also:

• MURDER

murder of his predecessor Amon . The circumstances of his minority are not recorded, nor is anything related of the Scythian inroads which occurred in the latter See also:

• HALF

half of the 7th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C., although some passages in the books of See also:

• JEREMIAH

Jeremiah and See also:

• ZEPHANIAH

Zephaniah are supposed to refer to the events . The See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm which shook the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external states was favourable to the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of Judah; the See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power was practically broken, and that of the Chaldeans had scarcely See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed into an aggressive See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form . See also:

• SAMARIA

Samaria thus See also:

• LAY

lay within the grasp of See also:

• JOSIAH (Heb. yo' shiyydhu, perhaps " Yah [weh] supports ")

Josiah, who may have entertained hopes of forming an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent power of his own . Otherwise, it is not clear why we find him opposing himself to the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian king Necho, since the See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption that he fought as an Assyrian See also:

• VASSAL (Fr. vassal, vassaut, vassault, &c,)

vassal scarcely agrees with the profound reforming policy ascribed to him . At all events, at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Megiddo' he lost both his See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom and his See also:

• LIFE

life (6o8 B.C.), and for a few years Judah was in the hands of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt (2 See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings See also:

• XXIII

xxiii . 29 seq.) . The chronicler gives a rather different See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the battle, and his allusion to the See also:

• DIRGE

dirge uttered by Jeremiah over his See also:

• DEATH

death (2 ChroA. See also:

• XXXV

xxxv . 20-25; 1 Esd. i . 32) represents the tradition which makes this See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet the author of the See also:

• BOOK

book of See also:

• LAMENTATIONS (Lamentations of Jeremiah)

Lamentations . The reign of Josiah is important for the biblical account of the See also:

• GREAT

great religious reforms which began in his eighteenth See also:

• YEAR

year, when he manifested See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the repair cf the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple at See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem .

In the course of this See also:

• WORK

work the high See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest Hilkiah discovered a " See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law-book " which gave rise to the liveliest concern . The reasons for believing that this See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll was substantially identical with the book of See also:

• DEUTERONOMY

Deuteronomy were already appreciated by See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome, See also:

• CHRYSOSTOM

Chrysostom, See also:

• THEODORET

Theodoret and others,' and a careful examination shows that the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

reformation which followed agrees in all its essential features with the prescriptions and exhortations of that book . (See DEUTERONOMY.) But the detailed records in 2 Kings xxii. seq. are evidently written under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the reforms themselves, and are not contemporary (see KINGS, BOOK OF) . They are further See also:

• EXPANDED

expanded, to agree with still later ideals, in 2 Chron. xxxiv. seq . The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original roll was See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short enough to be read at least twice in a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day (xxii . 8, 1o), and hence only some portions of Deuteronomy (or of an allied See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production) may be intended . Although the character of the reforms throws remarkable See also:

• LIGHT

light upon the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion in Judah in the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of Josiah, it is to be observed that the writings of the contemporary prophets (Jeremiah, See also:

• EZEKIEL (SKpm', " God strengthens" or " God is strong "; Sept. 'IE'EKL?)X; Vulg. Ezechiel)

Ezekiel) make it very questionable whether the narratives are thoroughly trustworthy for the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the king's See also:

• MEASURES

measures . (See further See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

JEws, § 16.) (S . A . C.) JbSIKA, MIKLOS [See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

NICHOLAS], See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

BARON (1794-1865), Hungarian novelist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 28th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1794 at Torda in Transylvania, of aristocratic and wealthy parents . After See also:

• FINISHING

finishing the usual course of legal studies at See also:

• KOLOZSVAR (Ger. Klausenburg; Rum. Cluj)

Kolozsvar (Klausenburg), he in 1811 entered the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, joining a See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment, with which he subsequently took See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign . On the battlefield of Mincio (See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 8, 1814) he was promoted to the grade of See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant .

He served in the campaign against See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, and was See also:

• PRESENT

present at the entry of the Allied Troops into See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 31, 1814) . In 1818 Jbsika resigned his See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission, returned to See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, and married his first wife 2 Or " Magdolos " (See also:

• HEROD
• HEROD (surnamed THE GREAT)

Herod. ii . 159), i.e. some " Migdal " (See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower) of See also:

• JUDAEA

Judaea, not the Migdol of Exod. xiv . 2; Jer. xliv . 1 . 3 See Zeit. f . Alttest . Wissenschaft (1902), pp . 170 seq., 312 seq.; Journ Bib . Lit . (1903), p . 50 .

See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth Kallai . The See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union proving an unhappy one, Josika parted from his wife, settled on his See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate at Szurdok in Transylvania, and devoted himself to agricultural and See also:

• LITERARY

literary pursuits . See also:

• DRAWN

Drawn into the See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of politics, he took part in the memorable Transylvanian See also:

• DIET

diet of 1834 . About this time Josika first began to attract See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention as a writer of fiction . In 1836 his Abaft laid the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of his literary reputation . This novel gives a vivid picture of Transylvania in the time of See also:

• SIGISMUND (1368-1437)

Sigismund Batori . Josika was soon afterwards elected member of the Hungarian See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Sciences and of the See also:

• KISFALUDY, KAROLY

Kisfaludy Society; of the latter he became, in 1841, director, and in 1842 See also:

• VICE

vice-See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president . In 1847 he appeared at the Transylvanian diet as second See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy for the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of Szolnok, and zealously supported the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement for the union of Transylvania with Hungary proper . In the same year he was converted to Protestantism, was formally divorced from his wife, and married Baroness Julia Podmaniczky, herself a writer of considerable merit, with whom he lived happily until his death . So great was J6sika's literary activity that by the time of the revolution (1848) he had already produced about sixty volumes of romances and novels, besides numerous contributions to See also:

• PERIODICALS

periodicals . Both as See also:

• MAGNATE (Late Lat. magnas, a great man)

magnate of the upper See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of the Hungarian diet and by his writings Josika aided the revolutionary movement, with which he was soon personally identified, being chosen one of the members of the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence . Consequently, after the See also:

• CAPITULATION (Lat. capitulum, a little head or division; capitulare, to treat upon terms)

capitulation at Vilagos (Aug .

13, 1849) he found it necessary to flee the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and settled first at See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden and then, in 1850, at See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels, where he resumed his literary pursuits anonymously . In 1864 he removed to Dresden, in which See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city he died on the 27th of February 1865 . The romances of Josika, written somewhat after the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott, are chiefly of an See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical and social-See also:

• POLITICAL

political character, his materials being drawn almost entirely from the See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals of his own country . Among his more important See also:

• WORKS

works may be specially mentioned, besides Abafi—The Poet See also:

• ZRINYI, MIKLOS, COUNT (1508—1566)
• ZRINYI, MIKLOS, COUNT (1620—1664)

Zrinyi (1843) ; The Last of the Bdtoris (1837); The Bohemians in Hungary (1839); See also:

• ESTHER

Esther (1853); See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis Rdkdczy II . (1861) ; and A Vegvdriak, a See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale of the time of the Transylvanian See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince See also:

• BETHLEN, GABRIEL (GABOR) (1580-1629)

Bethlen Gabor, 1864 . Many of J6sika's novels have been translated into See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German . See K . Moenich and S . Vutkovich, Magyar Irok Nevtdra (1876) ; M . See also:

• JOKAI, MAURUS (1825-1904)

Jokai, " Josika Miklos Emlekezete," A Kisfaludy-Tdrsaseig Evlapjai, Uj folyam, vol. iii . (1869) ; G . W .

Steinacker, Ungarische Lyriker (1874) . Cf. also J6sika's autobiography—Emlekirat, vol. iv . (1865) .