See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

THEODORE See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

SIMON See also:

• JOUFFROY, JEAN (c. 1412–1473)
• THEODORE SIMON JOUFFROY (1796-1842)

JOUFFROY (1796-1842)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French philosopher, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Pontets, near Mouthe, See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• DOUBS

Doubs . In his tenth See also:

• YEAR

year, his See also:

• FATHER

father, a tax-gatherer, sent him to an See also:

• UNCLE

uncle at See also:

• PONTARLIER

Pontarlier, under whom he commenced his classical studies . At See also:

• DIJON

Dijon his compositions attracted the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of an inspector, who had him placed (1814) in the normal school, See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . He there came under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

Cousin, and in 1817 he was appointed assistant See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy at the normal and See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools . Three years later, being thrown upon his own resources, he began a course of lectures in his own See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, and formed See also:

• LITERARY

literary connexions with Le Courrier See also:

• FRANCAIS, ANTOINE, COUNT (1756-1836)

francais, Le Globe, L'Encyclopedie moderne, and La Revue europeenne . The variety of his pursuits at this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time carried him over the whole See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and See also:

• MODERN

modern literature . But he was chiefly attracted to the philosophical See also:

• SYSTEM

system represented by See also:

• REID, ROBERT (1862– )
• REID, SIR GEORGE (1841- )
• REID, SIR ROBERT GILLESPIE (184o-19o8)
• REID, SIR WILLIAM (1791-1858)
• REID, THOMAS (1710-1796)
• REID, THOMAS MAYNE (1818-1883)
• REID, WHITELAW (1837- )

Reid and See also:

• STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY (1803-1876)
• STEWART, BALFOUR (1828-1887)
• STEWART, CHARLES (1778–1869)
• STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828)
• STEWART, J
• STEWART, JOHN (1749—1822)
• STEWART, JULIUS L
• STEWART, SIR DONALD MARTIN (1824–19o0)
• STEWART, SIR HERBERT (1843—1885)
• STEWART, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1540—c. 1605)
• STEWART, STUART
• STEWART, WILLIAM (c. 1480-c. 1550)

Stewart . The application of " See also:

• COMMON

common sense " to the problem of substance supplied a more satisfactory See also:

• ANALYTIC (the adjective of " analysis," q.v.)

analytic for him than the See also:

• SCEPTICISM (o-Kesrroµai, I consider, reflect, hesitate, doubt)

scepticism of See also:

• HUME, ALEXANDER (c. 1557-1609)
• HUME, DAVID (1711-1776)
• HUME, JOSEPH (1777-1855)

Hume which reached him through a study of See also:

• KANT, IMMANUEL (1724-1804)

Kant . He thus threw in his See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot with the Scottish philosophy, and his first See also:

• DISSERTATIONS

dissertations are, in their leading position, adaptations from Reid's Inquiry . In 1826 he wrote a See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface to a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the Moral Philosophy of Stewart, demonstrating the possibility of a scientific statement of the See also:

• LAWS

laws of consciousness; in 1828 he began a translation of the See also:

• WORKS

works of Reid, and in his preface estimated the influence of Scottish See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism upon philosophy, 'giving a See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement from See also:

• HUTCHESON, FRANCIS (1694-1746)

Hutcheson onwards . Next year he was returned to See also:

• PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

parlement by the See also:

• ARRONDISSEMENT (from arrondir, to make round)

arrondissement of Pontarlier; but the See also:

• WORK

work of legislation was See also:

• ILL

ill-suited to him . Yet he attended to his duties conscientiously, and ultimately See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke his See also:

• HEALTH

health in their See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge .

In 1833 he was appointed professor of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and See also:

• ROMAN

Roman philosophy at the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and a member of the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Sciences; he then published the Melanges philosophiques (4th ed . 1866; Eng. trans . G . See also:

• RIPLEY
• RIPLEY, GEORGE (1802-1880)

Ripley, See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, 1835 and 1838), a collection of fugitive papers in criticism and philosophy and See also:

• HISTORY

history . In them is foreshadowed all that he afterwards worked out in See also:

• METAPHYSICS
• METAPHYSICS, or METAPHYSIC (from Gr. /sera, after, d v med, things of nature, lots, i.e. the natural universe)

metaphysics, See also:

• PSYCHOLOGY
• PSYCHOLOGY (>Guxrl, the mind or soul, and X yos, theory)

psychology, See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

ethics and See also:

• AESTHETICS

aesthetics . He had already demonstrated in his prefaces the possibility of a psychology apart from See also:

• PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology, of the See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science of the phenomena of consciousness distinct from the perceptions of sense . He now classified the See also:

• MENTAL

mental faculties, premising that they must not be confounded with capacities or properties of mind . They were, according to his See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis, See also:

• PERSONAL

personal will, See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive instincts, voluntary movement, natural and artificial signs, sensibility and the faculties of See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect ; on this analytic he founded his See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of the universe . In 1835 he published a Cours de See also:

• DROIT (Fr. for " right," from Lat. directus, straight)

droit naturel (4th ed . 1866), which, for precision of statement and logical coherence, is the most important of his works . From the conception of a universal See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order in the universe he reasons to a Supreme Being, who has created it and who has conferred upon every See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man in See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony with it the aim of his existence, leading to his highest See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good . Good, he says, is the fulfilment of man's destiny, evil the thwarting of it .

Every man being organized in a particular way has, of See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity, an aim, the fulfilment of which is good; and he has faculties for accomplishing it, directed by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason . The aim is good, however, only when reason guides it for the benefit of the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority, but that is not See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute good . When reason rises to the conception of universal order, when actions are submitted, by the exercise of a sympathy working necessarily and intuitively to the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the universal order, the good has been reached, the true good, good in itself, absolute good . But he does not follow his idea into the details of human See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty, though he passes in See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

review See also:

• FATALISM (Lat. fatum, that which is spoken, decreed)

fatalism, See also:

• MYSTICISM (from Or. µuety, to shut the eyes; µuorrts, one initiated into the mysteries)

mysticism, See also:

• PANTHEISM (Gr. 7rav, all, Oeos, god)

pantheism, scepticism, egotism, sentimentalism and See also:

• RATIONALISM (from Lat. rationalis, pertaining to reason, ratio)

rationalism . In 1835 See also:

• JOUFFROY, JEAN (c. 1412–1473)
• JOUFFROY, THEODORE SIMON (1796-1842)

Jouffroy's health failed and he went to See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, where he continued to translate the Scottish philosophers . On his return he became librarian to the university, and took the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of See also:

• RECENT

recent philosophy at the See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of letters . He died in Paris on the 4th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1842 . After his See also:

• DEATH

death were published Nouveaux melanges philosophiques (3rd ed . 1872) and Cours d'esthetique (3rd ed . 1875) . The former contributed nothing new to the system except a more emphatic statement of the distinction between psychology and physiology . The latter formulated his theory of beauty .

Jouffroy's claim to distinction rests upon his ability as an expositor of other men's ideas . He founded no system; he contributed nothing of importance to philosophical science; he initiated nothing which has survived him . But his See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm for mental science, and his command over the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of popular exposition, made him a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international See also:

• MEDIUM

medium for the transfusion of ideas . He stood between See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland and France and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and France; and, though his expositions are vitiated by loose See also:

• READING

reading of the philosophers he interpreted, he did serviceable, even memorable work . See L . See also:

• LEVY (Fr. levee, from lever, Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVY, AMY (1861–1889)
• LEVY, AUGUSTE MICHEL (1844– )

Levy See also:

• BRUHL
• BRUHL, HEINRICH, COUNT VON (1700-1763)

Bruhl, History of Modern Philos. in France (1899), pp . 349-357; C . J . See also:

• TISSOT, JAMES JOSEPH JACQUES (1836-1902)
• TISSOT, PIERRE FRANCOIS (1768–1854)

Tissot, Th . Jouffroy: sa See also:

• VIE

vie et ses ecrits (1876) ; J . P . See also:

• DAMIRON, JEAN PHILIBERT (1794-1862)

Damiron, Essai sur l'histoire de la philos. en France an xixe siecle (1846) .