See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

COUNT See also:

• JEAN

JEAN See also:

• BAPTISTE

BAPTISTE See also:

• COUNT JEAN BAPTISTE JOURDAN (1762-1833)

JOURDAN (1762-1833)  , See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• LIMOGES

Limoges on the 29th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1762, and in his boyhood was apprenticed to a See also:

• SILK

silk See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant of See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons . In 1776 he enlisted in a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment to serve in the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence, and after being invalided in 1784 he married and set up in business at Limoges . At the outbreak of the revolutionary See also:

• WARS

wars he volunteered, and as a subaltern took See also:

• PART

part in the first See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of France . His rise was even more rapid than that of See also:

• HOCHE, LAZARE (1768-1797)

Hoche and Marceau . By 1793 he had become a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division, and was selected by See also:

• CARNOT, LAZARE EIPPOLYTE (18ot-1888)
• CARNOT, MARIE FRANCOIS SADI (1837-1894)
• CARNOT, SADI NICOLAS LEONHARD (1796-1832)

Carnot to succeed Houchard as See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

Army of the North; and on the 15th-16th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1793 he won the brilliant and important victory of See also:

• WATTIGNIES

Wattignies (see FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS) . Soon afterwards he became a " suspect," the moderation of his See also:

• POLITICAL

political opinions and his misgivings as to the future conduct of the war being equally distasteful to the truculent and enthusiastic See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

Committee of Public Safety . Warned in See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time by his friend Carnot and by Barere, he avoided See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest and resumed his business as a silk-See also:

• MERCER (through Fr. mercier, from popular Lat. mercerius, a dealer, merx, merces, merchandise)

mercer in Limoges . He was soon reinstated, and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 1794 was appointed commander-in-chief of the Army of Sambre-et-See also:

• MEUSE
• MEUSE (Flem. Maes, Du. Maas)

Meuse . After repeated attempts to force the passage of the Sambre had failed and several severe general actions had been fought without result, See also:

• JOURDAN, JEAN BAPTISTE, COUNT (1762-1833)

Jourdan and his army were discouraged, but Carnot and the See also:

• CIVIL

civil commissioners urged the general, even with threats, to a last effort, and this time he was successful not only in See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the Sambre but in winning a brilliant victory at See also:

• FLEURUS

Fleurus (See also:

• JUNE

June 26, 1794), the consequence of which was the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the French sphereof See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence to the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, on which See also:

• RIVER

river he waged an indecisive See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign in 1795 . In 1796 his army formed the See also:

• LEFT

left wing of the advance into See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria . The whole of the French forces were ordered to advance on See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, Jourdan on the extreme left and See also:

• MOREAU, GUSTAVE (1826-1898)
• MOREAU, HEGESIPPE (18ro-1838)
• MOREAU, JEAN VICTOR MARIE (1763-1813)

Moreau in the centre by the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube valley, See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte on the right by See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and See also:

• STYRIA (German, Steiermark or Steyermark)

Styria . The campaign began brilliantly, the Austrians under the See also:

• ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

Archduke See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles being driven back by Moreau and Jourdan almost to the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian frontier .

But the archduke, slipping away from Moreau, threw his whole See also:

• WEIGHT

weight on Jourdan, who was defeated at See also:

• AMBERG

Amberg and See also:

• WURZBURG

Wurzburg, and forced over the Rhine after a severe rearguard See also:

• ACTION

action, which cost the See also:

• LIFE

life of Marceau . Moreau had to fall back in turn, and, apart from Bonaparte's marvellous campaign in Italy, the operations of the See also:

• YEAR

year were disastrous . The chief cause of failure was the vicious See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of campaign imposed upon the generals by their See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . Jourdan was nevertheless made the scapegoat of the government's mistakes and was not employed for two years . In those years he became prominent as a politician and above all as the framer of the famous See also:

• CONSCRIPTION (from Lat. con-, together, and scribere, to write)

conscription See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of 1798 . When the war was renewed in 1799 Jourdan was placed at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the army on the Rhine, but again underwent defeat at the hands of the archduke Charles at Stockach (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 25), and, disappointed and broken in See also:

• HEALTH

health, handed over the command to See also:

• MASSENA, ANDRE, or ANDREA

Massena . He at once resumed his political duties, and was a prominent opponent of the coup d'etat of 18 See also:

• BRUMAIRE

Brumaire, after which he was expelled from the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of the Five See also:

• HUNDRED

Hundred . Soon, however, he became formally reconciled to the new regime, and accepted from See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon fresh military and civil employment . In 1800 he became inspector-general of See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry and See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry and representative of French interests in the Cisalpine See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic, and in 1804 he was made a marshal of France . He remained in the new See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Italy until 18o6, when See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph Bonaparte, whom his See also:

• BROTHER

brother made See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples in that year, selected Jourdan as his military adviser . He followed Joseph into See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain in the same capacity in 18o8 . But Joseph's See also:

• THRONE

throne had to be maintained by the French army, and throughout the See also:

• PENINSULAR

Peninsular War the other marshals, who depended directly upon Napoleon, paid little heed either to Joseph or to Jourdan .

After the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• VITORIA

Vitoria he held no important command up to the fall of the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire . Jourdan gave in his See also:

• ADHESION (from Lat. adhaerere, to adhere)

adhesion to the restoration government of 1814, and though he rejoined Napoleon in the Hundred Days and commanded a See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor army, he submitted to the Bourbons again after See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo . He refused, however, to be a member of the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court which tried Marshal See also:

• NEY, MICHEL

Ney . He was made a See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count, a peer of France (1819), and See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

• GRENOBLE

Grenoble (1816) . In politics he was a prominent opponent of the royalist reactionaries and supported the revolution of 1830 . After this event he held the See also:

• PORTFOLIO (shortened form of Porto folio, adapted from the Ital. portafogli, portare, to carry, and fogli, sheets or leaves of paper, Lat. folium, leaf)

portfolio of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign affairs for a few days, and then became governor of the Invalides, where his last years were spent . Marshal Jourdan died on the 23rd of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1833, and was buried in the Invalides . He wrote Operations de l'armee du Danube (1799) ; Memoires pour servir a l'histoire sur la campagne de 1796 (1819); and unpublished See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs .