See also:

• JUBILEE (or JUBILE), YEAR OF

JUBILEE (or JUBILE), See also:

• YEAR

YEAR OF  , in the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible, the name applied in the Holiness See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the Priestly See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

Code of the See also:

• HEXATEUCH

Hexateuch (Lev. See also:

• XXV

xxv.) to the observance of every 5oth See also:

• YEAR

year, determined by the See also:

• LAPSE (Lat. lapses, a slip or departure)

lapse of seven seven-year periods as a year of perfect See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, when there was to be no See also:

• SOWING (from "to sow," O. Eng. shwan, cf. Du. zaaijen, Ger. saen, &c.; the root is seen in Lat. severe, cf. "seed")

sowing, nor even gathering of the natural products of the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field and the See also:

• VINE

vine . At the beginning of the See also:

• JUBILEE (or JUBILE), YEAR OF

jubilee-year the liberation of all Israelitish slaves and the restoration of ancestral possessions was to be proclaimed . As regards the meaning of the name " jubilee " (Heb. yobel) See also:

• MODERN

modern scholars are agreed that it signifies " See also:

• RAM
• RAM, PIERRE FRANCOIS XAVIER DE (18o4-1865)

ram " or " ram's See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

horn." "Year of jubilee " would then mean the year that is inaugurated by the blowing of the ram's horn (Lev. xxv. g) . According to Lev. xxv . 8–12, at the completion of seven sabbaths of years (i.e . 7 X7 = 49 years) the See also:

• TRUMPET (Fr. trompette, clairon; Ger. ,Trompete, Klarino, Trummet; Ital. tromba, trombetta, clarino)
• TRUMPET, SPEAKING AND HEARING

trumpet of the jubilee is to be sounded " throughout the See also:

• LAND

land " on the loth See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of the seventh See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month (Tisri 1o), the See also:

• GREAT

great Day of See also:

• ATONEMENT

Atonement . The 5oth year thus announced is to be " hallowed," i.e. See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty 1 is to be proclaimed everywhere to everyone, and the See also:

• PEOPLE

people are to return " every See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man unto his See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession and unto his See also:

• FAMILY

family." As in the sabbatical year, there is to be no sowing, nor See also:

• REAPING (from O.E. rypan, rypan, probably allied to " ripe," mature, i.e. " fit for reaping "; the cognate forms are found in other languages)

reaping that which grows of itself, nor gathering of grapes . As regards real See also:

• PROPERTY

property (Lev. xxv . 13–34) the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law is that if any See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew under pressure of See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity shall alienate his See also:

• PRO

pro- perty he is to get for it a sum of See also:

• MONEY

money reckoned according to the number of harvests to be reaped between the date of See also:

• ALIENATION (from Lat. alienus, belonging to another)

alienation and the first jubilee-year: should he or any relation See also:

• DESIRE

desire to redeem the property before the jubilee this can always be done be repaying the value of the harvests between the redemption and the jubilee . This legal enactment, though it is not found (nor anything like it) in the earlier collections of See also:

• LAWS

laws, is evidently based on (or modified from) an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom which conferred on a near kinsman the right of pre-emption as well as of buying back (cf . Jer. xxxii . 6 sqq.) .

The tendency to impose checks upon the alienation of landed property was exceptionally strong in See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel . The fundamental principle is that the land is a sacred possession belonging to Yahweh . As such it is not to be alienated from Yahweh's people, to whom it was originally assigned . In See also:

• EZEKIEL (SKpm', " God strengthens" or " God is strong "; Sept. 'IE'EKL?)X; Vulg. Ezechiel)

Ezekiel's restoration See also:

• PROGRAMME, or PROGRAM

programme " See also:

• CROWN

crown lands presented by the ` See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince ' to any of his officials revert to the crown in the year of liberty (? jubilee year)"; only to his sons may any portion of his See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance be alienated in See also:

• PERPETUITY (Lat. perpetuus, continuous)

perpetuity (Ezek. xlvi . T6–18; cf . Code of Hammurabi, § 38 seq.) . The same See also:

• RULE

rule applies to dwelling-houses of unwalled villages; the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case is different, however, as regards dwelling-houses in walled cities . These may be redeemed within a year after trans, fer, but if not redeemed within that See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period they continue permanently in possession of the purchaser, and this may well be an See also:

• ECHO (Gr. I'Xw)

echo of ancient practice . An exception to this last rule is made for the houses of the See also:

• LEVITES

Levites in the Levitical cities . As regards property in slaves (Lev. xxv . 35–55) the Hebrew whom necessity has compelled to sell himself into the service of his See also:

• BROTHER

brother Hebrew is to be treated as a hired servant and sojourner, and to be released absolutely at the jubilee; non-Hebrew bondmen, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, are to be bondmen for ever . But the Hebrew who has sold himself to a stranger or sojourner is entitled to freedom at the year of jubilee, and further is at any See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time redeemable by any of his kindred—the redemption See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price being regulated by the number of years to run between the redemption and the jubilee, according to the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary wage of hired servants .

Such were the enactments of the Priestly Code—which, of course, represents the latest legislation of the See also:

• PENTATEUCH

Pentateuch (See also:

• POST

post-exilic) . These enactments, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to be understood rightly, must be viewed in relation to the earlier 1 Heb. deror . The same word (dur¢ru) is used in the Code of Hammurabi in the similar enactment that wife, son or daughter sold into See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery for See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt are to be restored to liberty in the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth year (§ 117) . similar provisions in connexion with the sabbatical (seventh) year . " The See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of Lev. xxv. are laid in the ancient provisions of the See also:

• BOOK

Book of the See also:

• COVENANT
• COVENANT (an O. Fr. form, later convenant, from convenir, to agree, Lat. convenire)

Covenant (Exod. xxi . 2 seq.; See also:

• XXIII

xxiii. to seq.) and in See also:

• DEUTERONOMY

Deuteronomy (xv.) . The Book of the Covenant enjoined that the land should See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie See also:

• FALLOW

fallow and Hebrew slaves be liberated in the seventh year; Deuteronomy required in addition the remission of debts " (Benzinger) . Deuteronomy, it will be noticed, in accordance with its humanitarian tendency, not only liberates the slave but remits the debt . It is evident that these enactments proved impracticable in real See also:

• LIFE

life (cf . Jer. xxxiv . 8 seq.), and so it became necessary in the later legislation of P, represented in the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of Lev. xxv., to relegate them to the 5oth year, the year of jubilee . The latter, however, was a purely theoretic development of the See also:

• SABBATH

Sabbath See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea, which could never have been reduced to practice (its actual observance would have necessitated that for two consecutive years—the 4gth and 5oth—absolutely nothing could be reaped, while in the 5Ist only summer fruits could be obtained, sowing being prohibited in the 5oth year) .

That in practice the enactments for the jubilee-year were disregarded is evidenced by the fact that, according to the unanimous testimony of the Talmudists and Rabbins, although the jubilee-years were " reckoned " they were not observed . The conjecture of See also:

• KUENEN, ABRAHAM (1828-1891)

Kuenen, supported by See also:

• WELLHAUSEN, JULIUS (1844— )

Wellhausen, that originally Lev. xxv . 8 seq. had reference to the seventh year is a highly probable one . This may be the case also with Ezek. xlvi . 16–18 (cf . Jer. xxxiv . 14) . A later Rabbinical See also:

• DEVICE

device for evading the provisions of the law was the prosbul (ascribed to See also:

• HILLEL

Hillel) —i.e. a See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition made in the presence of the See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge securing to the creditor the right of demanding repayment at any time, irrespective of the year of remission . Further enactments regarding the jubilee are found in Lev. See also:

• XXVII

xxvii . 17–25 and Num. See also:

• XXXVI

xxxvi . 4 . (W .

R . S.; G . H .