JUGGERNAUT  , a corruption of Sans . JAGANNATHA, " See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord of the See also:

• WORLD

World," the name under which the See also:

• HINDU

Hindu See also:

• GOD

god See also:

• VISHNU (Sanskrit, " the worker," from root vish, "to work ")

Vishnu is worshipped at See also:

• PURI, or JAGANNATH

Puri in See also:

• ORISSA

Orissa . The See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend runs that the sacred See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image of Jagannatha was worshipped in the solitude of the See also:

• JUNGLE (Sans. jangala)

jungle by an outcast, a Savara mountaineer, called Basu . The See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• MALWA

Malwa, Indradyumna, had despatched Brahmans to all quarters of the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula, and at last discovered Basu . Thereafter the image was taken to Puri, and a See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple, begun in 1174, was completed fourteen years later at a cost of upwards of See also:

• HALF

half a million See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling . The site had been associated for centuries before and after the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian era with See also:

• BUDDHISM

Buddhism, and the famous See also:

• CAR (Late Lat. carra)

Car festival is probably based on the Tooth festival of the Buddhists, of which the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese See also:

• PILGRIM

pilgrim Fa-Hien gives an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account . The See also:

• PRESENT

present temple is a pyramidal See also:

• BUILDING

building, 192 ft. high, crowned with the mystic See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel and See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag of Vishnu . Its inner enclosure, nearly 400 ft. by 300 ft., contains a number of small temples and shrines . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main temple has four main rooms—the See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall of offerings, the dancing hall, the See also:

• AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

audience chamber, and the See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine itself—the two latter being each 8o ft. square . The three See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal images are those of Vishnu, his See also:

• BROTHER

brother and his See also:

• SISTER

sister, See also:

• GROTESQUE

grotesque wooden figures roughly hewn . Elaborate services are daily celebrated all the See also:

• YEAR

year See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round, the images are dressed and redressed, and four meals a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day are served to them . The attendants on the god are divided into 36 orders and 97 classes .

See also:

• SPECIAL

Special servants are assigned the tasks of putting the god to See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed, of dressing and bathing him . The See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• RENT

rent-See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll of the temple was put at 68,000 by See also:

• SIR

Sir W . W . See also:

• HUNTER, JOHN (1728-1793)
• HUNTER, ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO (r8o9-1887)
• HUNTER, SIR WILLIAM WILSON (1840-19oo)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM (1718–1783)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM ALEXANDER (1844-1898)

Hunter; but the pilgrims' offerings, which See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the bulk of the income, are quite unknown and have been said to reach as much as £1oo,000 in one year . Ranjit Singh bequeathed the Koh-i-nor to Jagannath . There are four See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief festivals, of which the famous Car festival is the most important . The terrible stories of pilgrims crushed to See also:

• DEATH

death in the god's See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour have made the phrase " Car of Juggernaut " synonymous with the merciless See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice of human lives, but these have been shown to be baseless calumnies . The See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of Vishnu is See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

innocent of all bloody See also:

• RITES

rites, and a drop of See also:

• BLOOD

blood even accidentally spilt in the god's presence is held to pollute the officiating priests, the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, and the consecrated See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food . The Car festival takes See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in See also:

• JUNE

June or See also:

• JULY

July, and the feature of its celebration is the See also:

• DRAWING

drawing of the god from the temple to his " See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house," a distance of less than a mile . The car is 45 ft. in height and 35 ft. square, and is supported on 16 wheels of 7 ft. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter . Vishnu's brother and sister have See also:

• SEPARATE

separate cars, slightly smaller . To these cars See also:

• ROPES, JOHN CODMAN (1836–1899)

ropes are attached, and thousands of eager pilgrims See also:

• VIE

vie with each other to have the honour of dragging the god .

Though the distance is so See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short the See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey lasts several days, owing to the deep See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand in which the wheels sink . During the festival serious accidents have often happened . Sir W . W . Hunter in the Gazetteer of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India writes: " In a closely packed, eager throng of a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred thousand men and See also:

• WOMEN

women under the blazing tropical See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun, deaths must occasionally occur . There have doubtless been instances of pilgrims throwing themselves under the wheels in a frenzy of religious excitement, but such instances have always been rare, and are now unknown . The few suicides that did occur were, for the most See also:

• PART

part, cases of diseased and miserable See also:

• OBJECTS

objects who took this means to put themselves out of See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain . The See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official returns now place this beyond doubt . Nothing could be more opposed to the spirit of Vishnu-worship than self-immolation . Accidental death within the temple renders the whole place unclean . According to Chaitanya, the apostle of Jagannath, the destruction of the least of God's creatures is a See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin against the Creator." See also Sir W . W .

Hunter's Orissa (1872); and See also:

• DISTRICT

District Gazetteer of Puri (1908) .