See also:

• JUGGLER (Lat. joculator, jester)

JUGGLER (See also:

• LAT

Lat. joculator, See also:

• JESTER

jester)  , in the See also:

• MODERN

modern sense a per-former of sleight-of-See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand tricks and dexterous feats of skill in tossing balls, plates, knives, &c . The See also:

• TERM

term is practically synonymous with conjurer (see See also:

• CONJURING

CONJURING) . The joculatores were the mimes of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages (see See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

DRAMA); the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French use of the word jongleurs (an erroneous See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of jougleur) included the singers known as trouveres; and the humbler See also:

• ENGLISH

English minstrels of the same type gradually passed into the strolling jugglers, from whose exhibitions the term came to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover loosely any acrobatic, pantomimic and sleight-of-hand performances . In See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome various names were given to what we See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call jugglers, e.g. ventilatores (See also:

• KNIFE (0. E. cuff, a word appearing in different forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. knijf, Ger. Kneif, a shoe-maker's knife, Swed. knif; the ultimate origin is unknown; Skeat finds the origin in the root of " nip," formerly " knip "; Fr. canif is a

knife-throwers), and pilarii (See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball-players) . JUGURTHA' (Gr . 'IoyopOas), See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• NUMIDIA

Numidia, an illegitimate son of Mastanabal, and See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of See also:

• MASSINISSA (c. 238—149 B.C.)

Massinissa . After his See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• DEATH

death he was brought up by his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle Micipsa together with his See also:

• COUSINS, SAMUEL (18o1-1887)

cousins Adherbal and See also:

• HIEMPSAL

Hiempsal . Jugurtha See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up strong, handsome and intelligent, a skilful rider, and an See also:

• ADEPT (if used as a substantive pronounced adept, if as an adjective adept; from Lat. adeptus, one who has Attained)

adept in warlike exercises . He inherited much of Massinissa's See also:

• POLITICAL

political ability . Micipsa, naturally afraid of him, sent him to See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain (134 B.C.) in command of a Numidian force, to serve under P . See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius Scipio See also:

• AFRICANUS, SEXTUS JULIUS

Africanus See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor . He became a favourite with Scipio and the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman nobles, some of whom put into his See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of making himself See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole king of Numidia, with the help of Roman See also:

• MONEY

money .

In 118 B.C . Micipsa died . By his will, Jugurtha was associated with Adherbal and Hiempsal in the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of Numidia . Scipio had written to Micipsa a strong See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of recommendation in favour of Jugurtha; and to Scipio, accordingly, Micipsa en-trusted the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of his will . None the less, his testamentary arrangements utterly failed . The princes soon quarrelled, and Jugurtha claimed the entire See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom . Hiempsal he contrived to have assassinated; Adherbal he quickly drove out of Numidia . He then sent envoys to Rome to defend his usurpation on the ground that he was the injured party . The See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate decided that Numidia was to be divided, and gave the western, the richer and more populous See also:

• HALF

half, to Jugurtha, while the sands and deserts of the eastern half were See also:

• LEFT

left to Adherbal . Jugurtha's envoys appear to have found several of the Roman nobles and senators accessible to See also:

• BRIBERY (from the O. Fr. briberie, begging or vagrancy, bribe, Mid. Lat. briba, signifying a piece of bread given to beggars; the Eng. " bribe " has passed through the meanings of alms, blackmail and extortion, to gifts received or given in order to influ

bribery . Having secured the best of the bargain, Jugurtha at once began to provoke Adherbal to a See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of self-See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence . He completely defeated him near the modern See also:

• PHILIPPEVILLE

Philippeville, and Adherbal sought safety in the fortress of See also:

• CIRTA (mod. Constantine, q.v.)

Cirta (See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine) .

Here he was besieged by Jugurtha, who, notwithstanding the interposition of a Roman See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy, forced the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to capitulate, and treacherously massacred all the inhabitants, among them his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin Adherbal and a number of See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian merchants See also:

• RESIDENT

resident in the See also:

• TOWN

town . There was See also:

• GREAT

great wrath at Rome and throughout See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy; and the senate, a See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of which still clung to Jugurtha, were persuaded in the same See also:

• YEAR

year (111) to declare war . An See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army was despatched to See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa under the See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul L . See also:

• CALPURNIUS, TITUS

Calpurnius See also:

• HESTIA

Hestia, several of the Numidian towns voluntarily surrendered, and See also:

• BOCCHUS

Bocchus, the king of See also:

• MAURETANIA

Mauretania, and Jugurtha's father-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, offered the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans his See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance . Jugurtha was alarmed, but having at his command the accumulated treasures of Massinissa, he was successful in arranging with the Roman See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general a See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace which left him in See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the whole of Numidia . When the facts were known at Rome, the See also:

• TRIBUNE (med. Lat. tribune, from classical Lat. tribunal)

tribune See also:

• MEMMIUS, GAIUS (incorrectly called Gemellus, " The Twin ")

Memmius insisted that Jugurtha should appear in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person and be questioned as to the negotiations . Jugurtha appeared under a safe conduct, but he had partisans, such as the tribune C . Baebius, who took care that his mouth should be closed . Soon afterwards he caused his cousin Massiva, then resident at Rome and a claimant to the See also:

• THRONE

throne of Numidia, to be assassinated . The treaty was thereupon set aside, and Jugurtha was ordered to quit Rome . On this occasion he uttered the well-known words, " A See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city for See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale, and doomed to perish as soon as it finds a purchaser!" (See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy, Epit . 64) .

The war was renewed, and the consul Spurius See also:

• ALBINUS (originally WEISS), BERNHARD SIEGFRIED (1697—1770)

Albinus entrusted with the command . The Roman army in Africa was thoroughly demoralized . An unsuccessful See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was made on a fortified town, Suthul, in which the royal treasures were deposited . The army was surprised by the enemy in a See also:

• NIGHT

night attack, and the See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp was taken and plundered . Every Roman was driven out of Numidia, and a disgraceful peace was concluded (109) . By this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the feeling at Rome and in Italy against the corruption and incapacity of the nobles had become so strong that a number of senators were prosecuted and See also:

• BESTIA

Bestia and Albinus sentenced to See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile . The war was now entrusted to See also:

• QUINTUS

Quintus See also:

• METELLUS

Metellus, an able soldier and stern disciplinarian, and from the year 109 to its See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close in Io6 the contest was carried on with See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit to the Roman arms . Jugurtha was defeated on the See also:

• RIVER

river Muthul, after an obstinate and skilful resistance . Once again, however, he succeeded in surprising the Roman camp and forcing Metellus into See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter quarters . There were fresh negotiations, but Metellus insisted on the surrender of the king's person, and this Jugurtha refused . Numidia on the whole seemed disposed to assert its See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence, and Rome had before her the prospect of a troublesome See also:

• GUERRILLA (erroneously written " guerilla," being the diminutive of the Span. guerra, war)

guerrilla war . Negotiations, reflecting little credit on the Romans, were set on See also:

• FOOT

foot with Bocchus (q.v.) who for a time played fast and loose with both parties .

In Io6, See also:

• MARIUS, GAIUS (r55–86 B.c.)

Marius was called on by the See also:

• VOTE

vote of the Roman See also:

• PEOPLE

people to supersede 1\/Ietellus, but it was through the perfidy of Bocchus and the See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy of L . Cornelius See also:

• SULLA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS (138–78 B.C.)

Sulla, Marius's See also:

• QUAESTOR (from Lat. quaero, investigate)

quaestor, that the war was ended . Jugurtha See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into an See also:

• AMBUSH (older form, " embush," O. Fr. embusche, from the Ital. imboscata, in and bosco, a wood)

ambush, and was conveyed a prisoner to Rome . Two years afterwards, in 104, he figured with his two sons in Marius's See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph, and in the subterranean See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison beneath the Capitol—" the See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

bath of See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice," as he called it—he was either strangled or starved to death . Though doubtless for a time regarded by his countrymen as their deliverer from the yoke of Rome, Jugurtha mainly owes his See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical importance to the full and See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of him which we have from the hand of See also:

• SALLUST [Gams SALLUSTIUS CRlspus] (86–34 B.c.)

Sallust, himself afterwards See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of Numidia . See A . H . J . Greenidge, Hist. of Rome (1904) ; T . See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen, His& of Rome, See also:

• BOOK

book iv. ch. v.; the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief ancient authorities (besides Sallust) are Livy, Epit., lxii.-lxvii.; See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch, Marius and Sulla; Velleius Paterculus, ii.; Diod . Sic., Excerpta, xxxiv.; See also:

• FLORUS
• FLORUS, JULIUS
• FLORUS, PUBLIUS ANNIUS

Florus, iii . 1 .

See also MARIUS, SULLA, NUMIDIA .