STANISLAS See also:

• STANISLAS JULIEN (1797?-1873)

JULIEN (1797?-1873)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French orientalist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans, probably on the 13th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1797 . Stanislas See also:

• JULIEN, STANISLAS (1797?-1873)

Julien, a mechanic of Orleans, had two sons, See also:

• NOEL, RODEN BERKELEY WRIOTHESLEY (1834-1894)

Noel, born on the 13th of April 1797, and Stanislas, born on the loth of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1799 . It appears that the younger son died in See also:

• AMERICA

America, and that Noel then adopted his See also:

• BROTHER

brother's name . He studied See also:

• CLASSICS

classics at the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college de See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and in 1821 was appointed assistant See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek . In the same See also:

• YEAR

year he published an edition of the `EMv s dpira-y of See also:

• COLUTHUS

Coluthus, with versions in French, Latin, See also:

• ENGLISH

English, See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German, See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian and See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish . He attended the lectures of See also:

• ABEL (better ABELL), THOMAS (d. 1540)
• ABEL (Hebrew for breath)
• ABEL, KARL FRIEDRICH (1725-1787)
• ABEL, NIELS HENRIK (1802-1829)
• ABEL, SIR FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, BART

Abel See also:

• REMUSAT, JEAN PIERRE ABEL (1788-1832)

Remusat on See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese, and his progress was as rapid as it had been in other See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages . From the first, as if by See also:

• INTUITION (from Lat. intueri, to look at)

intuition, he mastered the See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius of the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language; and in 1824 he published a Latin See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of a See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• MENCIUS

Mencius (See also:

• MANG

Mang-tse), one of the nine classical books of the Chinese . Soon afterwards he translated the See also:

• MODERN

modern Greek odes of Kalvos under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of La See also:

• LYRE (Gr. Xupa)

Lyre patriotique de la Grece . But such works were not profitable in a commercial sense, and, being without any patrimony, Julien was glad to accept the assistance of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• DRUMMOND, HENRY (1786-r86o)
• DRUMMOND, HENRY (1851-1897)
• DRUMMOND, THOMAS (r797-1840)
• DRUMMOND, WILLIAM (1585-1649)

Drummond and others, until in 1827 he was appointed sub-librarian to the French See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute . In 1832 he succeeded Remusat as professor of Chinese at the college de France . In 1833 he was elected a member of the Academie See also:

• DES

des See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

Inscriptions in the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the orientalist, See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

Antoine See also:

• JEAN

Jean See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin . For some years his studies had been directed towards the dramatic and lighter literature of the Chinese, and in rapid See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession he now brought out See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of the Hoei-lan-ki(L'Histoire du cercle de craie), a See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

drama in which occurs a See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene curiously analogous to the See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment of See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon; the Pih shay tsing ki; and the Tchao-chi kou eul, upon which See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire had founded his Orphelin de la Chine (1755) .

With the versatility which belonged to his genius, he next turned, apparently without difficulty, to the very different See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style See also:

• COMMON

common to Taoist writings, and translated in 1835 Le Livre des recompenses et des peines of Lao-tsze . About this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the cultivation of silkworms was beginning to attract See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention in France, and by See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture Julien compiled, in 1837, a Resume des principaux traites chinois sur la culture des milriers, et l'See also:

• EDUCATION

education des vers-d-soie, which was speedily translated into English, German, Italian and See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian . Nothing was more characteristic of his method of studying Chinese than his See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting every peculiarity of See also:

• IDIOM (Gr. t&%wµa, something peculiar and personal; lbws, one's own, personal)

idiom and expression which he met with in his See also:

• READING

reading; and, in order that others might reap the benefit of his experiences, he published in 1841 Discussions grammaticales sur certaines regles de position qui, en'chinois, jouent le name role que See also:

• LES

les inflexions clans les autres langues, which he followed in 1842 by Exercices pratiques d'analyse, de syntaxe, et de lexigraphie chinoise . Meanwhile in 1839, he had been appointed See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint keeper of the Bibliotheque royale, with the especial superintendence of the Chinese books, and shortly afterwards he was made See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator of the college de France . The facility with which he had-learned Chinese, and the success which his proficiency commanded, naturally inclined less gifted scholars to resent the impatience with which he regarded their mistakes, and at different times See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter controversies arose between Julien and his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow sinologues on the one subject which they had in common . In 1842 appeared from his busy See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen a translation of the Tao to See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King, the celebrated See also:

• WORK

work in which Lao-tsze attempted to explain his See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the relation existing between the universe and something which he called Tao, and on which the See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion of See also:

• TAOISM

Taoism is based . From Taoism to See also:

• BUDDHISM

Buddhism was a natural transition, and about this time Julien turned his attention to the Buddhist literature of See also:

• CHINA

China, and more especially to the travels of Buddhist pilgrims to See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . In order that he might better understand the references to See also:

• INDIAN

Indian institutions, and the transcriptions in Chinese of See also:

• SANSKRIT

Sanskrit words and proper names, he began the study of Sanskrit, and in 1853 brought out his Voyages du pelerin Hiouen-tsang, which is regarded by some critics as his most valuable work . Six years later he published Les Avaddnas, conies et apologues Indiens inconnus jusqu'd ce jour, suivis de poesies et de nuvelles chinoises . For the benefit of future students he disclosed his See also:

• SYSTEM

system of deciphering Sanskrit words occurring in Chinese books in his Methode pour dechiffrer et transcrire les noms sanscrits qui se rencontrent daps les livres chinois (1861) . This work, which contains much of See also:

• INTEREST

interest and importance, falls See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short of the value which its author was accustomed to attach to it . It had escaped his observation that, since the translations of Sanskrit works into Chinese were undertaken in different parts of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, the same Sanskrit words were of See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity differently represented in Chinese characters in accordance with the dialectical See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations .

No hard and fast See also:

• RULE

rule can therefore possibly be laid down for the decipherment of Chinese transcriptions of Sanskrit words, and the effect of this impossibility was See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt though not recognized by Julien, who in order to make See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good his rule was occasionally obliged to suppose that wrong characters had by See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake been introduced into the texts . His Indian studies led to a controversy with See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• TOUSSAINT

Toussaint See also:

• REINAUD, JOSEPH TOUSSAINT (1795-1867)

Reinaud, which was certainly not See also:

• FREE

free from the See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

gall of bitterness . Among the many subjects to which he turned his attention were the native See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries of China, and his work on the Histoire et fabrication de la porcelaine chinoise is likely to remain a See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard work on the subject . In another See also:

• VOLUME

volume he also published an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the Industries anciennes et modernes de l'empire chinois (1869), translated from native authorities . In the intervals of more serious undertakings he translated the See also:

• SAN

San tseu King (Le Livre des trois mots) ; Thsien tseu wen (Le Livre de mille mots) ; Les Deux cousines; Nouvelles chinoises; the Ping than See also:

• LING, PER HENRIK (1776-1839)

ling yen (Les Deux jeunes filles lettrees); and the Dialoghi Cinesi, Ji-Ich'ang k' eou-t' eou-koa . His last work of importance was Syntaxe nouvelle de la langue chinoise (1869), in which he gave the result of his study of the language, and collected a vast See also:

• ARRAY (from the O. Fr. areyer, Med. Lat. arredare, to get ready)

array of facts and of idiomatic expressions . A more scientific arrangement and treatment of his subject would have added much to the value of this work, which, however, contains a mine of material which amply repays exploration . One See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret by which Julien acquired his grasp of Chinese, was, as we have said, his methodical collection of phrases and idiomatic expressions . Whenever in the course of his reading he met with a new phrase or expression, he entered it on a card which took its place in See also:

• REGULAR

regular order in a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of boxes . At his See also:

• DEATH

death, which took place on the 14th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1873, he See also:

• LEFT

left, it is said, 250,000 of such See also:

• CARDS, PLAYING

cards, about the See also:

• FATE

fate of which, however, little seems to be known . In politics Julien was imperialist, and in 1863 he was made a See also:

• COMMANDER

commander of the See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

legion of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour in recognition of the services he had rendered to literature during the second empire . See See also:

• NOTICE

notice and bibliography by Wallon, Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscr .

(1884), xxxi . 409-458 . (R . K .