See also:

• JUSTICIAR (med. Lat. justiciarius or justitiarius, a judge)

JUSTICIAR (med. See also:

• LAT

Lat. justiciarius or justitiarius, a See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge)  , in See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• HISTORY

history, the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of the See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman and earlier Angevin See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings . The history of the title in this See also:

• CONNOTATION

connotation is somewhat obscure . Justiciarius meant simply " See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge," and was originally applied, as See also:

• STUBBS [STUBBES], PHILIP (c. 1555-c. 161o)
• STUBBS [STUnnE], JOHN
• STUBBS, WILLIAM (1825-1901)

Stubbs points out (Const . Hist. i . 389, See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note), to any. officer of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, to the chief See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, or in a very See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general way to all and sundry who possessed courts of their own or were qualified to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as judices in the See also:

• SHIRE

shire-courts, even the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style capitalis justiciarius being used of See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges of the royal court other than the chief . It was not till the reign of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II. that the title summus or capitalis justiciarius, or jusliciarius totius Angliae was exclusively applied to the king's chief minister . The See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, however, existed before the style of its holder was fixed; and, whatever their contemporary title (e.g . Custos Angliae), later writers refer to them as justiciarii, with or without the prefix summus or capitalis (ibid. p . 346) . Thus Ranulf See also:

• FLAMBARD, RANULF, or RALPH (d. 1128)

Flambard, the minister of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William II., who was probably the first to exercise the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of a See also:

• JUSTICIAR (med. Lat. justiciarius or justitiarius, a judge)

justiciar, is called justitiarius by Ordericus Vitalis . The origin of the justiciarship is thus given by Stubbs (ibid.p . 276) .

The See also:

• SHERIFF

sheriff " was the king's representative in all matters judicial, military and See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial in the shire . From him, or from the courts of which he was the presiding officer, See also:

• APPEAL

appeal See also:

• LAY

lay to the king alone; but the king was often absent from See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and did not understand the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of his subjects . In his See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration was entrusted to a justiciar, a See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent or See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom; and the convenience being once ascertained of having a minister who could in the whole kingdom represent the king, as the sheriff did in the shire, the justiciar became a permanent functionary." The fact that the kings were often absent from England, and that the justiciarship was held by See also:

• GREAT

great nobles or churchmen, made this office of an importance which at times threatened to overshadow that of the See also:

• CROWN

Crown . It was this latter circumstance which ultimately led to its abolition . See also:

• HUBERT (HUCBERTUS, HUGBERTUS), ST (d. 727)

Hubert de See also:

• BURGH [BOURKE, BURKE]
• BURGH, HUBERT DE (d. 1243)

Burgh (q.v.) was the last of the great justiciars; after his fall (1231) the justiciarship was not again committed to a great See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron, and the See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor soon took the position formerly occupied by the justiciar as second to the king in dignity, as well as in See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . Finally, under See also:

• EDWARD

Edward I. and his successor, in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the justiciar—who had presided over all causes See also:

• VICE

vice regisseparate heads were established in the three branches into which the See also:

• CURIA

curia regis as a judicial See also:

• BODY

body had been divided: justices of See also:

• COMMON

common pleas, justices of the king's See also:

• BENCH (an O.E. and Eng. form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Bank, Dan. baenk and the Eng. doublet " bank ")

bench and barons of the See also:

• EXCHEQUER

exchequer . Outside England the title justiciar was given under Henry II. to the See also:

• SENESCHAL (the O. Fr. form, mod. senechal, of the Low Lat. senescalcus, a word of Teutonic origin, meaning " old or senior servant," Goth. sini- old; cf. Lat. senex and stalks, servant; Du Cange's derivation from seneste, flock, herd, must be rejected)

seneschal of See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy . In See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland the title of justiciar was See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne, under the earlier kings, by two high officials, one having his See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, the other to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the Forth . They were the king's lieutenants for judicial and administrative purposes and were established in the rzth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, either by See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander I. or by his successor See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David I . In the 12th century a magister justitiarius also appears in the Norman kingdom of See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, title and office being probably borrowed from England; he presided over the royal court (Magna curia) .and was, with his assistants, empowered to decide, inter alia, all cases reserved to the Crown (see Du Cange, s.v . Magister Justitiarius) . See W .

Stubbs, Const . Hist. of England; Du Cange, Glossarium (See also:

• NIORT

Niort, 1885) s.v .