KACHIN HILLS  , a mountainous See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract in Upper See also:

• BURMA

Burma, inhabited by the Kachin or Chingpaw, who are known on the See also:

• ASSAM

Assam frontier as Singphos . Owing to the See also:

• GREAT

great number of tribes, sub-tribes and clans of the Kachins, the See also:

• PART

part of the Kachin hills which has been taken under See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration in the See also:

• MYITKYINA

Myitkyina and See also:

• BHAMO

Bhamo districts was divided into 40 Kachin See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill tracts (recently reduced to five) . Beyond these tracts there are many Kachins in See also:

• KATHA

Katha, Mong Mit and the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Shan States . The See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country within the Kachin hill tracts is roughly estimated at 19,177 sq. m., and consists of a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of ranges, for the most part See also:

• RUNNING

running See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, and intersected by valleys, all leading towards the See also:

• IRRAWADDY, or IRAWADI

Irrawaddy, which drains the country . There were 64,405 Kachins enumerated at the See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census of 1901 . Philological investigations show that it is probable that the progenitors i From the enlistment of See also:

• KABYLES, or KABAIL

Kabyles speaking the See also:

• ZOUAVE

Zouave See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect the Zouave regiments of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army came to be so called.of the Kachins or Chingpaw were the Indo-See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese See also:

• RACE

race who, before the, beginnings of'See also:

• HISTORY

history, but after the Mon-See also:

• ANNAM, or ANAM

Annam See also:

• WAVE

wave had covered Indo-See also:

• CHINA

China, forsook their See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home in western China to pour over the region where See also:

• TIBET, or THIBET

Tibet, Assam, Burma and China converge, and that the Chingpaw are the See also:

• RESIDUE (through the French, from the Lat. residuum, a remainder, from residere, to remain)

residue See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the headquarters of the Irrawaddy and the See also:

• CHINDWIN
• CHINDWIN, UPPER

Chindwin after those branches, destined to become the Tibetans, the Nagas, the See also:

• BUR, or BURR (apparently the same word as Danish borre, burdock, cf. Swed. kard-boore)

Bur-mans and the Kuki Chins, had gone westwards and southwards . In the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 19th, See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern limit of the Kachins was 200 M. farther north than it is now . Since then the race has been drifting steadily southward and eastward, a vast aggregate of small See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent clans See also:

• UNITED

united by no See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, but all obeying a common impulse to move outwards from their See also:

• ORIGINAL

original seats along the See also:

• LINE

line of least resistance . Now the Kachins are on both sides of the border of Upper Burma, and are a force to be reckoned with by frontier administrators . According to the Kachin Hill Tribes Regulation of 1895, administrative responsibility is accepted by the See also:

• BRITISH

British government on the left See also:

• BANK

bank of the Irrawaddy for the country south of the Nmaikha, and on the right bank for the country south of a line See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from the confluence of the Malikha and Nmaikha through the northern limit of the Laban See also:

• DISTRICT

district and including the See also:

• JADE
• JADE, or JAHDE

jade mines . The tribes north of this line were told that if they abstained from raiding to the south of it they would not be interfered with . South of that line See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace was to be enforced and a small See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute exacted, with a minimum of interference in-their private affairs .

On the British See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the border the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• OBJECTS

objects have been the disarmament of the tribes and the construction of frontier and See also:

• INTERNAL

internal roads . A See also:

• LIGHT

light tribute is exacted . The Kachins have been the See also:

• OBJECT

object of many See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police operations and two See also:

• REGULAR

regular expeditions: (I) Expedition of 1892-93 . Bhamo was occupied by the British on the 28th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1885, and almost immediately trouble began . See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

Constant punitive See also:

• MEASURES

measures were carried on by the military police; but in December 1892 a police See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column proceeding to establish a See also:

• POST

post at Sima was heavily attacked, and simultaneously the See also:

• TOWN

town of Myitkyina was raided by Kachins . A force of 1200 troops was sent to put down the rising . The enemy received their final See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow at Palap, but not before three See also:

• OFFICERS

officers were killed, three wounded, and 102 sepoys and followers killed and wounded . (2) Expedition of 1895-96 . The continued misconduct of the See also:

• SANA (Send'a)

Sana Kachins from beyond the administrative border rendered punitive measures necessary . They had remained unpunished since the attack on Myitkyina in December 1892 . Two columns were sent up, one of 25o rifles from Myitkyina, the other of zoo rifles fromMogaung, marching in December 1895 . The resistance was insignificant, and the operations were completely successful .

A strong force of military police is stationed at Myitkyina, with several outposts in the Kachin hills, and the country is never wholly See also:

• FREE

free from crimes of violence committed by the Kachins .