KALGAN (CHANG-CHIA K'ow)  , a city of China, in the province of Chih-li, with a population estimated at from 70,000 to 1oo,00o . It lies in the line of the Great Wall, 122 M. by rail N.W. of Peking, commanding an important pass between China and Mongolia . Its position is stated as in 40° 50' N. and 114 54' E., and its height above the sea as 2810 ft . The valley amid the mountains in which it is situated is under excellent cultivation, and thickly studded with villages . Kalgan consists of a walled town or fortress and suburbs 3 M. long . The streets are wide, and excellent shops are abundant; but the ordinary houses have an unusual appearance, from the fact that they are mostly roofed with earth and become covered with green-sward . Large quantities of soda are manufactured; and the town is the seat of a very extensive transit trade . In October 1909 it was connected by railway with Peking . In early autumn long lines of camels come in from all quarters for the conveyance of the tea-chests from Kalgan to Kiakhta; and each caravan usually makes three jourrreys in the winter . Some Russian merchants have permanent residences and warehouses just outside the gate . On the way to Peking the road passes over a beautiful bridge of seven arches, ornamented with marble figures of animals .