See also:

• KANSAS (known as the Sunflower State ")

KANSAS (known as the See also:

• SUNFLOWER

Sunflower See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State ")  , the central See also:

• COMMONWEALTH

commonwealth of the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America, lying between 370 and 4o° N. See also:

• LAT

lat. and between 940 38' and See also:

• ROE (or Row), SIR THOMAS (c. 1581—1644)
• ROE, EDWARD PAYSON (1838-1888)

roe 1' 34" W. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . (i.e . 25° W. long. from See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington) . It is bounded on the N. by See also:

• NEBRASKA

Nebraska, on the E. by See also:

• MISSOURI

Missouri, on the S. by See also:

• OKLAHOMA (a Choctaw Indian word meaning " red people ")

Oklahoma, and on the W. by See also:

• COLORADO

Colorado . The See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state is nearly rectangular in shape, with a breadth of about 210 M. from N. to S. and a length of about 410 M. from E. to W . It contains an See also:

• AREA

area of 82,158 sq. m . (including 384 sq. m. of See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SURFACE

surface) . Physiography.—Three physiographic regions may be distinguished within the state—the first, a small portion of the Ozark uplift in the extreme See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east corner; the second, the See also:

• PRAIRIE (adopted from the Fr. prairie, a meadow-tract. Late Lat. prataria, Lat. pratum, meadow)

Prairie Plains, covering approximately the east third of the state; the third, the See also:

• GREAT

Great Plains, covering the remaining area . Between the latter-two there is only the most See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual transition . The entire state is indeed practically an undulating See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, gently sloping from See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west to east at an See also:

• AVERAGE

average of about 7 ft. per mile . There is also an inclination in the eastern See also:

• HALF

half from See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north to south, as indicated by the course of the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, most of which flow south-easterly (the See also:

• KANSAS (known as the Sunflower State ")

Kansas, with its See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general easterly course, is the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal exception), the north-west corner being the highest portion of the state . The lowest point in the state in its south-east See also:

• PART

part, in See also:

• MONTGOMERY
• MONTGOMERY ( Tre' Faldwyn)
• MONTGOMERY, GABRIEL, SEIGNEUR DE LORGES, COMTE DE (c. 1530-1574)
• MONTGOMERY, JAMES (1771-1854)
• MONTGOMERY, ROBERT (1807-1855)

Montgomery See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, is 725 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea level .

The average See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of the east boundary is about 85o ft., while See also:

• CONTOUR

contour lines of 3500—3900 ft. run near the west border . Some-what more than half the See also:

• TOTAL

total area is below 2000 ft . The gently See also:

• ROLLING

rolling prairie surface is diversified by an endless See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of broad plains, isolated hills and ridges, and moderate valleys . In places there are terraced uplands, and in others the undulating plain is cut by erosion into See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low escarpments . The bluffs on the Missouri are in places 200 ft. high, and the valley of the Cimarron, in the south-west, has deep cuts, almost See also:

• GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647)

gorges . The west central portion has considerable irregularities of contour, and the north-west is distinctively hilly . In the south-west, below the See also:

• ARKANSAS

Arkansas See also:

• RIVER

river, is an area of sandhills, and the Ozark See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

Plateau region, as above stated, extends into the south-east corner, though not there much elevated . The great central valley is traversed by the Kansas (or See also:

• KAW, or KANSA

Kaw) river, which, inclusive of the Smoky See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

Branch, extends the entire length of the state, with lateral valleys on the north . Another broad valley is formed in the south half of the state by the Arkansas river, with lateral valleys on the north and south . The south-east portion contains the important Neosho and smaller valleys . In the extreme south-west is the valley of the Cimarron, and along the south boundary is a network of the south tributaries of the Arkansas . Numerous small affluents of the Missouri enrich and diversify the north-east See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter .

The streams of Kansas are usually fed by perennial springs, and, as a See also:

• RULE

rule, the east and See also:

• MIDDLE

middle portions of the state are well watered . Most of the streams maintain a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good flow of water in the driest seasons, and in See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of heavy rains many of them " underflow " the adjacent bottom lands, saturating the permeable substratum of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country with the surplus water, which in See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time drains out and feeds the subsiding streams . This feature is particularly true of the Saline, See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon and Smoky Hill rivers . The west part is more elevated and water is less abundant . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—The climate of Kansas is exceptionally salubrious . Extremes of See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat and See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold occur, but as 'a rule the winters are dry and mild, while the summer heats are tempered by the perpetual prairie breezes, and the summer nights are usually cool and refreshing . The average See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature of the state for seventeen years preceding 1903 was 54.3° F., the warmest mean being 56•o°, the coldest 52.6° . The extreme variation of yearly means throughout the See also:

• YEAR

Year See also:

• BOOK

Book of the United States See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department of See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture, the See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop in 1906 was 81,830,611 bushels, almost one-ninth of the crop of the entire country for that year, and much more than the crop of any.other state . In 1909 it was 87,203,000 bushels (less than the crops of either See also:

• MINNESOTA

Minnesota or North Dakota) . See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

Winter See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat constitutes almost the entire output . The hard varieties See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank in the See also:

• FLOUR

flour See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market with the finest Minnesota wheat . The wheat See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt crosses the state from north to south in its central third .

Greater even than wheat in See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute output, though not relatively to the output of other states, is See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn . In 1906 the crop was 195,075,000 bushels, and in 1909 it was 154,225,000 . The crop is very variable, according to seasons and prospective markets; ranging e.g. in the See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade 1892-1901 from 42'6 (1901) to 2251 (1899) million bushels . The Indian corn belt is mainly in the eastern third of the state . In the five years 1896-1900 the combined value of the crops of Indian corn and wheat exceeded the value of the same crops in any other state of the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union (See also:

• ILLINOIS

Illinois being a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close second) . In the western third See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation has been tried, in the earlier years unsuccessfully; in all Kansas, in 1899, there were 23,620 acres irrigated, of which 8939 were in Finney and 7071 in See also:

• KEARNEY

Kearney county . In this western third the rainfall is insufficient for Indian corn; but Kafir corn, an exceptional drought-resisting cereal, has made extraordinary progress in this region, and indeed generally over the state, since 1893, its acreage increasing 416.1 % In the decade 1895-1904 . With the saccharine variety of See also:

• SORGHUM

sorghum, which increased greatly In the same See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, this See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain is replacing Indian corn . Oats are the third great cereal crop, the yield being 24,780,000 bushels in 1906 and 27,185,000 in 1909 . See also:

• ALFALFA

Alfalfa showed an increased acreage in 1895-1904 of 310.8 %; it is valuable in the west for the same qualities as the Kafir corn . The See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay crop in 1909 was 2,652,000 tons . Alfalfa, the See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese soy See also:

• BEAN (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Bohne)

bean and the wheat See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields—which furnish the finest of pasture in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring and ordinarily well into the winter See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season—are the props of a prosperous See also:

• DAIRY

dairy See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry .

In the early 'eighties the organization of creameries and See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese factories began in the county-seats; they depended upon gathered cream . About 1889 separators and the whole-See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk See also:

• SYSTEM

system were introduced, and about the same time began the service of refrigerator cars on the See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways ; the See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand separator became See also:

• COMMON

common about 1901 . Western Kansas is the dairy country . Its great ranges, whose insufficient rainfall makes impossible the certain, and therefore the profitable, cultivation of cereals, or other settled agriculture, lend themselves with profit to stock and dairy farming . Dairy products increased 60'6 % in value from 1895 to 1904, amounting in the latter year to $16,420,095 . This value was almost equalled by that of eggs and poultry ($14,050,727), which increased 79.7 % in the same decade . The livestock See also:

• INTEREST

interest is stimulated by the enormous demand for See also:

• BEEF (through O. Fr. boef, mod. boeuf, from Lat. bos, bovis, ox, Gr. f3oiir, which show the ultimate connexion with the Sanskrit go, gaits, ox, and thus with " cow")

beef-See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle at Kansas See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City . See also:

• SUGAR

Sugar-See also:

• BEET

beet culture was tried in the years following 1890 with indifferent success until the introduction of bounties in 1901 . It has extended along the Arkansas valley from the Colorado beet See also:

• DISTRICT

district and into the north-western counties . There is a large beet-sugar factory at See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

Garden City, Finney county . Experiments have been made unsuccessfully in sugar See also:

• CANE

cane (1885) and See also:

• SILK

silk culture (1885 seq.) . The See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright climate and pure See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere are admirably adapted to the growth of the See also:

• APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

apple, See also:

• PEAR (Pyrus communis)

pear, See also:

• PEACH
• PEACH, CHARLES WILLIAM (1800-1886)

peach, See also:

• PLUM

plum, See also:

• GRAPE

grape-and See also:

• CHERRY

cherry .

The smaller fruits also, with scarce an exception, flourish finely . The See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit product of Kansas ($2,431,773 in 1899) is not, however, as yet particularly notable when compared with that of various other states . According to the estimates of the state department of agriculture, of the total value of all agricultural products in the twenty years 1885-1904 ($3,078,999,855), Indian corn and wheat together represented more than two-fifths (821'3 and 518'1 million dollars respectively), and livestock products nearly one-third (1024.9 millions) . The aggregate value of all agricultural products in 1903-1904 was $754,954,208 . Minerals.—In the east portion of the state are immense beds of bituminous See also:

• COAL

coal, often at shallow depths or cropping out on the surface . In 1907 more than 95 % of the coal came from See also:

• CRAWFORD, EARLS OF
• CRAWFORD, FRANCIS MARION (1854–1909)
• CRAWFORD, THOMAS (1814–1857)
• CRAWFORD, WILLIAM HARRIS (1772–1834)

Crawford, See also:

• CHEROKEE
• CHEROKEE (native Tsalagi, " cave people ")

Cherokee, Leavenworth and Osage counties, and about 91'5 % from the first two . The total value of the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of coal in 1905 (6,423,979 tons) was $9,350,542, and in 1908 (6,245,508 tons) $9,292,222 .. In the central portion, which belongs to the Triassic formation, magnesian See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone, ferruginous See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone and See also:

• GYPSUM

gypsum are representative rocks . Gypsum (in beautiful crystalline See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form) is found in an almost continuous See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed across the state See also:

• RUNNING

running north-east and south-west with three principal areas, the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern in See also:

• MARSHALL
• MARSHALL, ALFRED (1842– )
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1755–1835)
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1818-1891)
• MARSHALL, STEPHEN (c. 1594-1655)

Marshall county, the central in See also:

• DICKINSON, ANNA ELIZABETH (1842– )
• DICKINSON, JOHN (1732–1808)

Dickinson and Saline counties, and the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern (the heaviest, being 3 to 40 ft. thick) in See also:

• BARBER (from Lat. barba, beard)

Barber and See also:

• COMANCHE

Comanche counties . The product in 1908 was valued at $281,339• Magnesian limestone, or See also:

• DOLOMITE

dolomite, is especially plentiful along the See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

Blue, Republican and Neosho rivers and their tributaries . This beautiful See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, resembling See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey and cream-coloured See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble, is exceedingly useful for See also:

• BUILDING

building purposes . It crops out in the bluffs in endless quantities, and is easily worked .

The stone resources of the state are largely, but by no means exclusively, confined to the central part . There are See also:

• MARBLES

marbles in Osage and other counties, See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell marble in Montgomery county, white limestone in See also:

• CHASE
• CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND (1808-1873)
• CHASE, SAMUEL (1741–1811)
• CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT (1849– )

Chase county, a valuable bandera flagstone and See also:

• HYDRAULIC

hydraulic See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock near Fort See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott, &c . The limestones produced in 1908 were valued at $403,176 and the sandstones at $67,950 . In the central the east, west and middle sections during the same period was very slight, 51'6° to 56'6°, and the greatest variation for any one See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section was 37° . The absolute extremes were 116° and -34° . The dryness of the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air tempers exceedingly to the senses the cold of winter and the heat of summer . The temperature over the state is much more See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform than is the precipitation, which diminishes somewhat regularly westward . In the above period of seventeen years the yearly' means in the west section varied from 11'93 to 29'21 in . (ay . 19'21), in the middle from 18'58 to 34'30 (ay . 26'68), in the east from 26.00 to 45.71 (ay . 34.78); the mean for the state ranging from 20.12 to 3550 (ay .

27'12).1 The precipitation in the west is not sufficient for confident agriculture in any See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of years, since agriculture is practically dependent upon the mean fall; a fact that has been and is of profound importance in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the state . The See also:

• LINE

line of 20 in. fall (about the limit of certain agriculture) approximately bisects the state in dry years . The precipitation is very largely in the growing season—at See also:

• DODGE, THEODORE AYRAULT (1842–1909)

Dodge the fall between See also:

• APRIL

April and See also:

• OCTOBER

October is 78 % of that for the year . Freshets and droughts at times See also:

• WORK

work havoc . The former made notable 1844 and 1858; and the latter 1860, 1874 and 1894 . Tornadoes are also a not infrequent infliction, least common in the west . The years 1871, 1879, 1881 and 1892 were made memorable by particularly severe storms . There are 150 to 175 " growing days " for crops between the frosts of spring and autumn, and eight in ten days are bright with See also:

• SUNSHINE

sunshine—half of them without a See also:

• CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

cloud . Winds are prevailingly from the south (in the winter often from the north-west) . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna and See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—The fauna and flora of the state are those which are characteristic of the plain region generally of which Kansas is a part . The state lies partly in the humid, or Carolinian, and partly in the arid, or Upper Sonoran, area of the Upper Austral See also:

• LIFE

life-See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone; sod° W. long. is approximately the dividing line between these areas . The bison and See also:

• ELK

elk have disappeared .

A very great variety of birds is found within the state, either as residents or as visitants from the adjoining avifaunal regions—See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain, plain, northern and southern . In 1886 See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel N . S . See also:

• GOSS, SIR JOHN (1800–1880)

Goss compiled a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of 335 See also:

• SPECIES

species, of which 175 were known to breed in the state . The See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• TURKEY

turkey, once abundant, was near extermination in 1886, and prairie chickens (pinnated See also:

• GROUSE

grouse) have also greatly diminished in number . The See also:

• JACK

jack-See also:

• RABBIT

rabbit is characteristic of the prairie . Locusts (" grasshoppers " in See also:

• LOCAL

local usage) have worked incalculable damage, notably in 1854, 1866, and above all in 1874-1875 . In the last two cases their ravages extended over a great portion of the state . Kansas has no forests . Along the streams there is commonly a fringe of See also:

• TIMBER

timber, which in the east is fairly heavy . There is an in-creasing scarcity westward .. With the advancing See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of the state thin See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind-break rows become a feature of the prairies .

The lessened ravages of prairie fires have facilitated artificial afforesting, and many cities, in particular, are abundantly and beautifully shaded . Oaks, elms, See also:

• HICKORY

hickory, See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey-locusts, white ash, sycamore and willows, the rapid growing but miserable See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box-See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder and See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton-See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, are the most common trees . See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• WALNUT (Juglans)

walnut was common in the river valleys in Territorial days . The planting of See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree reserves by the United States See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government in the arid counties of this state promises great success . A See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• FOREST

Forest of 302,387 acres in Finney, Kearney, See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton and See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

Grant counties was set aside in May 1908 . See also:

• BUFFALO

Buffalo and bunch, and other See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short native prairie See also:

• GRASSES

grasses, very nutritious ranging See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food but unavailable as hay, once tovered the plains and pastured immense herds of buffalo and other animals, but with increasing settlement they have given way generally to See also:

• EXOTIC (Gr. EWTIK6s, foreign, from few, outside)

exotic bladed species, valuable alike for pasture and for hay, except in the western regions . The See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

hardy and ubiquitous See also:

• SUNFLOWER

sunflower has been chosen as the state See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower or floral See also:

• EMBLEM (Gr. Eµ3Xysa, something put in or inserted, from EµfiiXAew, to throw in)

emblem . See also:

• CACTUS

Cactus and See also:

• YUCCA

yucca occur in the west . The See also:

• SOIL

soil of the upland prairies is generally a deep See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay See also:

• LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

loam of a dark See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour . The bottom lands near the streams are a black sandy loam; and the intermediate lands,. or " second bottoms," show a rich and deep black loam, containing very little See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand . These soils are all easily cultivated, See also:

• FREE

free from stones, and exceedingly productive . There are exceptional spots on the upland prairies composed of stiff clay, not as easily cultivated, but very productive when properly managed and enriched .

The south-west section is distinctively sandy . A griculture.—The United States See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

Census of 1900 shows that of the farming area of the state in 1900 (41,662,970 acres, 79'6 % of the total area), 60'1 % was " improved." The value of all See also:

• FARM

farm See also:

• PROPERTY

property was 3864,100,286—of which See also:

• LAND

land and improvements (including buildings), livestock and implements and machinery represented respectively 74'5, 22.1 and 3'4 % . Almost nine-tenths of all farms derived their principal income from livestock or hay and grain, these two See also:

• SOURCES

sources being about equally important . Of the total value of farm products in 1899 ($209,895,542), crops represented 537, See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal products 45'9 and forest products only o'4 % . In 1899 the wheat crop was 38,778,450 bushels, being less than that of Minnesota, North Dakota, See also:

• OHIO

Ohio or South Dakota . According to 1 For the See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years 187?-1906 the mean rainfall for ten-year periods was: at Dodge, 22'8 in., 18'4 in. and 22'7 in.; and at See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence, 35.1 in., 39'2 in. and 367 in. for the first, second and third periods respectively . region See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt is produced in immense quantities, within a great north to south belt about See also:

• HUTCHINSON
• HUTCHINSON, ANNE (c. 1600-1643)
• HUTCHINSON, JOHN (1615-1664)
• HUTCHINSON, JOHN (1674-1737)
• HUTCHINSON, SIR JONATHAN (1828– )
• HUTCHINSON, THOMAS (1711-1780)

Hutchinson . The beds, which are exploited by the brine method at Hutchinson, at See also:

• ELLSWORTH
• ELLSWORTH, OLIVER (1745–1807)

Ellsworth (Ellsworth county), at See also:

• ANTHONY, SAINT
• ANTHONY, SUSAN BROWNELL (1820-1906)

Anthony (Harper county) and at See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

Sterling (See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

Rice county), See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie from 400 to 1200 ft. underground, and are in places as much as 350 ft. thick and 99% pure . At . Kanopolis in Ellsworth county, at See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons in Rice county and at Kingman, Kingman county, the salt is See also:

• MINED

mined and sold as rock-salt . In the south-west salt is found in beds and dry incrustations, varying in thickness from a few inches to 2 ft . The total product from 188o–1899 was valued at $5,538,855; the product of 1908 (when Kansas ranked See also:

• FOURTH

fourth among the states producing salt) was valued at $882,984 .

The development has been mainly since 1887 at Hutchinson and since about 1890 in the rock-salt mines . In the west portion of the state, which belongs to the Cretaceous formation, chalks and a species of native quicklime are very prominent in the river bluffs . The white and cream-coloured chalks are much used for building purposes, but the blue is usually too soft for exposure to the See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather . The quicklime as quarried from the bluffs slakes perfectly, and with sand makes a fairly good See also:

• MORTAR

mortar, without calcination or other previous preparation . The See also:

• LIGNITE (Lat. lignum, wood)

lignite found near the Colorado line makes a valuable domestic See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel . Natural See also:

• GAS

gas, oil, See also:

• ZINC

zinc and See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead have been discovered in south-east Kansas and have given that section an extraordinary growth and prosperity . Indications of gas were found about the time of the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, but only in the early 'seventies were they recognized as unmistakable, and they were not successfully See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed until the 'eighties . See also:

• IOLA

Iola, in See also:

• ALLEN, BOG OF
• ALLEN, ETHAN (1739–1789)
• ALLEN, GRANT CHARLES GRANT BLAIRFINDIEI, (1848–1899)
• ALLEN, JAMES LANE (1850– )
• ALLEN, JOHN (1476–1534)
• ALLEN, or ALLEYN, THOMAS (1542-1632)
• ALLEN, WILLIAM (1532-1594)
• ALLEN, WILLIAM FRANCIS (183o-1889)

Allen county, is the centre of the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field, and the gas yields heat, See also:

• LIGHT

light, and a cheap fuel for smelters, cement-See also:

• WORKS

works and other manufacturing See also:

• PLANTS

plants throughout a large region . The pools lie from 400 to 950 ft. below the surface; some See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

wells have been drilled 1500 ft. deep . The value of the natural gas produced in the state was $15,873 in 1889, $2,261,836 in 1905 and $7,691,587 in 1908, when there were 1917 producing wells, and Kansas ranked fourth of the states of the United States in the value of the natural gas product, being surpassed by See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania, West See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia and Ohio . See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

Petroleum was discovered about 1865 in See also:

• MIAMI

Miami and See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon counties, and about 1892 at Neodesha, See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson county . There was only slight commercial exploitation before 1900 .

The production increased from 74,714 barrels in that year to 4,250,779 In 1904; in 1908 it was 1,801,781 barrels . See also:

• CHANUTE

Chanute has been the most active centre of production . The field was prospected here in the 'nineties, but developed only after 1900 . In 1877 an immense See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit of lead was discovered on land now within the limits of See also:

• GALENA

Galena . Rich zinc blendes were at first thrown away among the byproducts of the lead mines . After the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of their true nature there was a slow development, and at the end of the See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century a notable See also:

• BOOM

boom in the fields . From 1876 to 1897 the total value of the output of the Galena field was between $25,000,000 and $26,000,000; but at See also:

• PRESENT

present Kansas is far more important as a smelter than as a miner of zinc and lead, and in 1906 58% of all spelter produced in the United States came from smelters in Kansas . In 1908 the mines' output was 2293 tons of lead valued at $192,612 and 8628 tons of zinc valued at $811,032 . Pottery, See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, ochre and See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays are abundant, the first two mainly in the eastern part of the state . See also:

• COFFEYVILLE

Coffeyville has large vitrified brick interests . In 1908 the total value of all the See also:

• MINERAL

mineral products (incompletely reported) of Kansas was $26,162,213 . Industry and See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

Trade.—Manufactures are not characteristic of the state .

The rank of the state in manufactures in 1900 was sixteenth and in farm products seventh in the Union . The value of the manufactured product in 1900, according to the Twelfth United States Census, was $172,129,398, an increase of 56.2% over the output of 1890; of this total value, the part representing establishments under the " factory system " was $154,008,544,1 and in 1905 the value of the factory product was $198,244,992, an increase of 28.7% . Kansas City, See also:

• TOPEKA

Topeka, See also:

• WICHITA

Wichita, Leavenworth and See also:

• ATCHISON

Atchison were the only cities which had manufactures whose See also:

• GROSS

gross product was valued in 1905 at more than $3,000,000 each; their See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint See also:

• PRO

pro-duct was valued at $126,515,804, and that of Kansas City alone was $96473,050, almost half the output of the state . The most important manufacturing industry, both in 1900 and in 1905, was slaughtering and See also:

• MEAT

meat-packing—for which Kansas City is the second centre of the country—with a product for the state valued at $77,411,883 in 1900, and $96,375,639 in 1905; in both these years the value of the product of Kansas was exceeded only by that of Illinois . The flour and grist See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill industry ranked next, with a product valued at $21,328,747 in 1900 and nearly twice that amount, $42,034,019, in 1905 . In 1900 a quarter of the wheat crop was handled by the See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills of the state . Lesser manufacturing interests are railway See also:

• SHOP

shop construction (value in 1905, $11,521,144); zinc smelting and refining (value in 1905, $10,999,468); the manufacture of cheese, See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter and condensed milk (value in 1905, $3,946,349); and of foundry and See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine shop products (value in 1905, $3,756,825) . I All subsequent figures in this See also:

• PARAGRAPH

paragraph for manufactures in 1900 are given for establishments under the " factory system " only, so as to be comparable with See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics for 1905, which do not include See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor establishments . Communications.—Kansas is excellently provided with railways, with an aggregate length in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1909 of 8914.77 M . (in 1870, 1880, 1890 respectively, 1,501, 3,244 and 8,710 m.) . The most important systems are the Atchison, Topeka & See also:

• SANTA

Santa Fe, the Missouri Pacific, the See also:

• CHICAGO
• CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF

Chicago, Rock See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island & Pacific, the Union Pacific, the Missouri, Kansas & See also:

• TEXAS

Texas, the Chicago, See also:

• BURLINGTON

Burlington & See also:

• QUINCY
• QUINCY, JOSIAH (1744–1775)

Quincy, and the St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis & See also:

• SAN

San Francisco systems . The first See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train entered Kansas on the Union Pacific in 1860 .

During the following decade the lines of the Missouri Pacific, the Missouri, Kansas & Texas and the Santa Fe were well under construction . These roads give excellent connexions with Chicago, the Gulf and the Pacific . Kansas has an eastern river front of 15o m. on the Missouri, which is navigable for steamboats of good See also:

• SIZE

size . The See also:

• INTERNAL

internal rivers of the state are not utilized for commercial purposes . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population.—In population Kansas ranked in 1900 and 1910 (1,690,949) twenty-second in the Union . The decennial in-creases of population from 186o to Ig0o were 239.9, 173.4, 43.3 and 3.0%, the population in 1900 being 1,470,495, or 18 to the sq. m2 Of this number 22'5% lived in cities of 2500 or more inhabitants . Nine cities numbered more than Io,000 inhabitants: Kansas City (51,418), Topeka—the state See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital (33,608), Wichita (24,671), Leavenworth (20,735), Atchison (15,722), Lawrence—the seat of the state university (1(3,862), Fort Scott (10,322), Galena (10,155) and See also:

• PITTSBURG
• PITTSBURG, or PITTSBURGH

Pittsburg (10,112) . The life of all of these See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the last two goes back to Territorial days; but the importance of Fort Scott, like that of Galena and Pittsburg, is due to the development of the mineral counties in the south-east . Other cities of above 5000 inhabitants were Hutchinson (9379), See also:

• EMPORIA

Emporia (8223), See also:

• PARSONS