See also:

• KARAKORUM (Turkish, " black stone debris ")

KARAKORUM (See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish, " See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone debris ")  , the name of two cities in See also:

• MONGOLIA

Mongolia . One of these, according to G . Potanin, was the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• UIGHUR, or OUIGHOUR

Uighur See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom in the 8th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and the other was in the 13th century a capital of the See also:

• STEPPE (from the Russ. stepi, a waste)

steppe See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy of Mongolia . The same name seems also to have been applied to the Khangai range at the headwaters of the Orkhon . (1) The Uighur See also:

• KARAKORUM (Turkish, " black stone debris ")

KARAKORUM, also named Mubalik (" See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• TOWN

town "), was situated on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the Orkhon, in the Talal-khain-dala steppe, to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of Ughei-nor . It was deserted after the fall of the Uighur kingdom, and in the loth century Abaki, the founder of the Khitan kingdom, planted on its ruins a See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone bearing a description of his victories . (2) The Mongolian KARAKORUM was founded at the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of the Mongolian monarchy established by Jenghiz See also:

• KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

Khan . A See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace for the khan was built in it by See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese architects in 1234, and its walls were erected in 1235 . Plano See also:

• CARPINI, JOANNES DE PLANO

Carpini visited it in 1246, See also:

• RUBRUQUIS (or RUBROUCK), WILLIAM OF

Rubruquis in 1253, and Marco See also:

• POLO (Tibetan pulu, ball)
• POLO, GASPAR GIL (?153o-1591)
• POLO, MARCO (c. 1254-1324)

Polo in 1275 . Later, the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth Mongolian See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, Kublai, left Karakorum, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to reside at Kai-See also:

• PIN (a doublet with " pen " from Lat. pinna, feather, pinnacle, which is said to contain the same root as irirvs, pine tree, and properly to mean a sharp point or end)

pin-fu, near See also:

• PEKING, or PEKIN

Peking . When the khan Arik-See also:

• BOG (from Ir. and Gael. bogach, bog, soft)

bog declared himself and Karakorum See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of Kublai-Khan, the latter besieged Karakorum, took it by See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine, and probably laid it See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste so thoroughly that the town was afterwards forgotten . The exact sites of the two Mongolian capitals were only established in 1889-1891 .

See also:

• SIR

Sir H . See also:

• YULE
• YULE, SIR HENRY (182o-1889)

Yule (The See also:

• BOOK

Book of Marco Polo, 1871) was the first to distinguish two cities of this name . The See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian traveller Paderin in 1871 visited the Uighur capital (see Tunics), named now by the See also:

• MONGOLS

Mongols Kara Balghasun (" See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city ") or Khara-kherem (" black See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall "), of which only the wall and a See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower are in existence, while the streets and ruins outside the wall are seen at a distance of 14 m . Paderin's belief that this was the old Mongol capital has been shown to be incorrect . As to the Mongolian Karakorum, it is identified by several authorities with a site on which towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 16th century the Buddhist monastery of Erdeni Tsu was built . This monastery lies about 25 M. south by east of the Uighur capital . See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North and north-east of the monastery are ruins of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient buildings . See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor D . Pozdneev, who visited Erdeni Tsu for a second See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in 1892, stated that the earthen wall surrounding the monastery might well be See also:

• PART

part of the wall of the old city . The proper position of the two Karakorums was determined by the expedition of N . Yadrintsev in 1889, and the two expeditions of the See also:

• HELSINGFORS (Finnish Helsinki)

Helsingfors Ugro-Finnish society (189o) and the Russian See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, under Dr W . Radlov (1891), which were sent out to study Yadrintsev's See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery .

See See also:

• WORKS

Works (Trudy) of the Orkhon Expedition (St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, 1892) ; Yule's Marco Polo, edition revised by See also:

• HENRI

Henri Cordier (of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris), vol. i. ch. xlvi . (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1903) . Cordier confines the use of Karakorum to the Mongol capital; Pozdneev, Mongolia and the Mongols, vol. i . (St Petersburg, 1896) ; C . W . See also:

• CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
• CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
• CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN
• CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
• CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
• CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
• CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)

Campbell, " Journeys in Mongolia," Geog . Journ. vol. xx . (1903), with See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map . Campbell's See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report was printed as a See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper (See also:

• CHINA

China No. z, z9o4) . KARA-KUL, the name of two lakes (" See also:

• GREAT

Great " and " Little ") of Russian See also:

• TURKESTAN
• TURKESTAN, or HAZRET

Turkestan, in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• FERGHANA, or FERGANA

Ferghana, and on the Pamir See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau . Great) Kara-kul, 12 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and 10 m. wide (formerly much larger), is under 39° N., to the south of the Trans-Alai range, and lies at an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of 13,200 ft.; it is surrounded by high mountains, and is reached from the north over the Kyzyl-See also:

• ART

art pass (14,015 ft.) . A See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula projecting from the south See also:

• SHORE

shore and an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island off the north shore See also:

• DIVIDE

divide it into two basins, a smaller eastern one which is shallow, 42 to 63 ft:, and a larger western one, which has depths of 726 to 756 ft: It has no drainage outlet .

Little Kara-kul lies in the north-east Pamir, or Sarikol, north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the Mustagh-ata See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak (25,850 ft.), at an altitude of 12,700 ft . It varies in See also:

• DEPTH

depth from 79 ft. in the south to 50 to 70 ft. in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle, and loon ft, or more in the north . It is a See also:

• MORAINE

moraine See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake; and a stream of the same name flows through it, but is named Ghez in its farther course towards See also:

• KASHGAR

Kashgar in East Turkestan . KARA-See also:

• KUM

KUM ("Black Sands "), a See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat See also:

• DESERT

desert in Russian Central See also:

• ASIA

Asia . It extends to nearly ' 1o,000 sq. m., and is bounded on the N.W. by the Ust-urt plateau, between the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea of See also:

• ARAL

Aral and the See also:

• CASPIAN

Caspian Sea, on the N.E. by the Amu-darya, on the S. by the See also:

• TURKOMAN

Turkoman oases, and on the W. it nearly reaches the Caspian Sea . Only part of this See also:

• SURFACE

surface is covered with See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand . There are broad expanses (takyrs) of See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay See also:

• SOIL

soil upon which See also:

• WATER

water accumulates in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring; in the summer these are muddy, but later quite dry, and merely a few See also:

• SOLANACEAE

Solanaceae and bushes grow on them . There is also shor, similar to the above but encrusted with See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt and See also:

• GYPSUM

gypsum, and relieved only by Solanaceae along their See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders . The See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder is occupied with sand, which, according to V . Mainov, assumes five different forms . (1) Barkhans, chiefly in the east, which are mounds of loose sand, 15 to 35 ft. high, hoof-shaped, having their gently sloping See also:

• CONVEX

convex sides turned towards the prevailing winds, and a See also:

• CONCAVE

concave See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, 3o° to 4o° steep, on the opposite slope . They are disposed in See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups or chains, and the winds drive them at an See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• RATE

rate of 20 ft. annually towards the south and south-east .

Some grass (Stipa pennata) and bushes of saksaul (Haloxylon ammodendron) and other steppe bushes (e.g . Calligonium, Halimodendron and Atraphaxis) grow on them . (2) Mounds of sand, of about the same See also:

• SIZE

size, but irregular in shape and of a slightly firmer consistence, mostly bearing the same bushes, and also See also:

• ARTEMISIA
• ARTEMISIA (159o-1642)

Artemisia and Tamarix; they are chiefly met with in the east and south . (3) A sandy desert, slightly undulating, and covered in spring'with grass and See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers (e.g. tulips, Rheum, various See also:

• UMBELLIFERAE

Umbelliferae), which are soon burned by the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun; they See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover very large spaces in the south-east . (4) Sands disposed in waves from 50 to 70 ft., and occasionally up to See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo ft. high, at a distance of from 200 to 400 ft. from each other; they cover the central portion, and their vegetation is practically the same as in the preceding See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division . (5) See also:

• DUNES

Dunes on the shores of the Caspian, composed of moving sands, 35 to 8o ft. high and devoid of vegetation . A typical feature of the Kara-kum is the number of " old See also:

• RIVER

river beds," which may have been either channels of tributaries of the Amu and other See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers or depressions which contained elongated salt lakes . Water is only found in See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

wells, to to 20 M. apart—sometimes as much as loo m.—which are dug in the takyrs and give saline water, occasionally unfit to drink, and in pools of See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain-water retained in the See also:

• LOWER

lower parts of the takyrs . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of the Kara-kum, consisting of See also:

• NOMAD (Gr. voµas, voµabes, wandering)

nomad See also:

• KIRGHIZ

Kirghiz and Turkomans, is very small . The region in the north of the province of Syr-darya, between Lake Aral and Lake Chalkarteniz, is also called Kara-kum . (P . A .

K . ; J . T .