KARLSRUHE, or CARLSRUHE  , a city of Germany, capital of the grand-duchy of Baden, 33 M . S.W . Of Heidelberg, on the railway Frankfort-on-Main-Basel, and 39 M . N . W. of Stuttgart . Pop . (1895), 84,030; (1905), 111,200 . It stands on an elevated plain, 5 M . E. of the Rhine and on the fringe of the Hardtwald forest . Karlsruhe takes its name from Karl Wilhelm, margrave of Baden, who, owing to disputes with the citizens of Durlach, erected here in 1715 a hunting seat, around which the town has been built . The city is surrounded by beautiful parks and gardens . The palace (Schloss), built in 1751-1776 on the site of the previous erection of 1715, is a plain building in the old French style, composed of a centre and two wings, presenting nothing remarkable except the octagon tower (Bleiturm), from the summit of which a splendid view of the city and surrounding country is obtained, and the marble saloon, in which the meridian of Cassini was fixed or drawn .

In front of the palace is the

Great Circle, a semicircular line of buildings, containing the government offices . From the palace the principal streets, fourteen in number, radiate in the form of an expanded fan, in a S.E., S. and S.W. direction, and are again intersected by parallel streets . This fan-like plan of the older city has, however, been abandoned in the more modern extensions . Karlsruhe has several fine public squares, the principal of which are the Schlossplatz, with Schwanthaler's statue of the grand duke Karl Friedrich in the centre, and market square (Marktplatz), with a fountain and a statue of Louis, grand duke of Baden . In the centre of the Rondelplatz is an obelisk in honour of the grand duke Karl Wilhelm . The finest street is the Kaiserstrasse, running from east to west and having a length of a mile and a half and a uniform breadth of 72 ft . In it are several ofthe chief public buildings, notably the technical high school, the arsenal and the post office . Among other notable buildings are the town hall; the theatre; the hall of representatives; the mint; the joint museum of the grand-ducal and national collections (natural history, archaeology, ethnology, art and a library of over 150,000 volumes) ; the palace of the heir-apparent, a late Renaissance building of 1891-1896; the imperial bank (1893); the national industrial hall, with an exhibition of machinery; the new law courts; and the hall of fine arts, which shelters a good picture gallery . The city has six Evangelical and four Roman Catholic Churches . The most noteworthy of these are the Evangelical town church, the burial-place of the margraves of Baden; the Christuskirche, and the Bernharduskirche . Karlsruhe possesses further the Zahringen museum of curiosities, which is in the left wing of the Schloss; an architectural school (1891) ; industrial art school and museum; cadet school (1892); botanical and electrotechnical institutes; and horticultural and agricultural schools . Of its recent public monuments maybe mentioned one to Joseph Victor von Scheffel (1826-1886); a bronze equestrian statue of the emperor William I .

(1896); and, a memorial of the 1870-71

war . Karlsruhe is the headquarters of the XIV . German army corps . Since 1870 the industry of the city has grown rapidly, as well as the city itself . There are large railway workshops; and the principal branches of industry are the making of loco-motives, carriages, tools and machinery, jewelry, furniture, gloves, cement, carpets, perfumery, tobacco and beer . There is an important arms factory . Maxau, on the Rhine, serves as the river port of Karlsruhe and is connected with it by a canal finished in 1901 . See Fecht, Geschichte der Haupt- and Residenzstadt Karlsruhe (Karlsruhe, 1887) ; F. von Weech, Karlsruhe, Geschichte der Stadt and ihrer Verwaltung (Karlsruhe, 1893-1902) ; Naeher, The Umgebung der Residenz Karlsruhe (Karlsruhe, 1888) ; and the annual Chronik der Haupt- and Residenzstadt Karlsruhe .