KARS  , a fortified See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• TRANSCAUCASIA

Transcaucasia, in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Kars, formerly at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a sanjak in the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish vilayet of See also:

• ERZERUM, or ARZRUM (Arm. Garin)

Erzerum . It is situated in 4o° 37' N. and 430 6' E., 185 m. by See also:

• RAIL

rail S.W. of See also:

• TIFLIS

Tiflis, on a dark See also:

• BASALT

basalt See also:

• SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

spur of the Soghanlidagh, above the deep See also:

• RAVINE

ravine of the Kars-chai, a sub-tributary of the See also:

• ARAS

Aras . Pop . (1878), 8672; (1897), 20,891 . There are three considerable suburbs—See also:

• ORTA, LAKE OF

Orta-kapi to the S., See also:

• BAIRAM

Bairam See also:

• PASHA

Pasha to the E., and Timur Pasha on the western See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• RIVER

river . At the N.W. corner of the town, overhanging the river, is the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient citadel, in earlier times a strong military See also:

• POST

post, but completely commanded by the surrounding eminences . The See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place is, however, still defended by a fort and batteries . There is a loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, Kars being the see of a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of the Orthodox See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . Coarse woollens, carpets and See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt are manufactured . During the 9th and loth centuries the seat of an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent Armenian principality, Kars was captured and destroyed by the Seljuk See also:

• TURKS

Turks in the rrth century, by the See also:

• MONGOLS

Mongols in the 13th, and by Timur (Tamerlane) in 1387 . The citadel, it would appear, was built by See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

Sultan See also:

• MURAD, or AMURATH

Murad III. during the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 16th century . It was strong enough to with-stand a See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege by See also:

• NADIR (Arabic nadir, " opposite to," used elliptically for nadir-es-semt, "opposite to the zenith ")

Nadir Shah of Persia, in 1731, and in 1807 it successfully resisted the Russians .

After a brave See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence it surrendered on the . 23rd of See also:

• JUNE

June 1828 to the Russian See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count I . F . See also:

• PASKEVICH, IVAN FEDOROVICH (1782-1856)

Paskevich, rr,000 men becoming prisoners of war . During the See also:

• CRIMEAN

Crimean War the Turkish See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison, guided by General See also:

• WILLIAMS
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1582-1650)
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1796-1839)
• WILLIAMS, ROGER (c. 1604–1684)
• WILLIAMS, ROWLAND (1817-1870)
• WILLIAMS, SIR WILLIAM FENWICK

Williams (See also:

• SIR

Sir W . See also:

• FENWICK, SIR JOHN (c. 1645-1697)

Fenwick Williams of Kars) and other See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• OFFICERS

officers, kept the Russians at See also:

• BAY

bay during a protracted siege; but, after the garrison had been devastated by See also:

• CHOLERA (from the Gr. Xo)du, tile, and Map, to flow)

cholera, and See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food had utterly failed, nothing was See also:

• LEFT

left but to capitulate (Nov . 1855) . The fortress was again stormed by the Russians in the war of 1877–78, and on its conclusion was transferred to See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia . See Kmety, The Defence of Kars (1856), translated from the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German; H . A . See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake, Kars and our Captivity in Russia (See also:

• LONDON

London, '856); and Narrative of the Defence of Kars (London, 1857) ; Dr Sandwith, Narrative of the Siege of Kars (London, I856); C . B .

See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman, See also:

• ARMENIA (old Persian Armina, Armenian Hayasdan, or Hayq)

Armenia and the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

Campaign of 1877 (London, 1878); See also:

• GREENE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1811-1883)
• GREENE, MAURICE (1695-1755)
• GREENE, NATHANAEL (1742-1786)
• GREENE, ROBERT (c. 1560-1592)

Greene, Russian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

Army and its See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

Campaigns in See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey (1879) .