See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

FRIEDRICH See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

AUGUST See also:

• FRIEDRICH AUGUST KEKULE (1829-1896)

KEKULE (1829-1896)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German chemist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• DARMSTADT

Darmstadt on the 7th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1829 . While studying See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture at See also:

• GIESSEN

Giessen he came under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• LIEBIG, JUSTUS VON, BARON (1803-1873)

Liebig and was induced to take up See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry . From Giessen he went to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and then, after a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short sojourn in See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, he visited See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . Both in Paris and in England he enjoyed See also:

• PERSONAL

personal intercourse with the leading chemists of the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . On his return to See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany he started a small chemical laboratory at See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg, where, with a very slender equipment, he carried out several important researches . In 1858 he was appointed See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of chemistry at See also:

• GHENT (Flem. Gent, Fr. Gand)

Ghent, and in 1865 was called to See also:

• BONN

Bonn to fill a similar position, which he held till his See also:

• DEATH

death in that See also:

• TOWN

town on the 13th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1896 . See also:

• KEKULE, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1829-1896)

Kekule's See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main importance lies in the far-reaching contributions which he made to chemical theory, especially in regard to the constitution of the See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon compounds . The See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of atomicity had already been enunciated by E . See also:

• FRANKLAND, SIR EDWARD (1825-1899)

Frankland, when in 1858 Kekule published a See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper in which, after giving reasons for regarding carbon as a tetravalent See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element, he set forth the essential features of his famous doctrine of the linking of atoms . He explained that in substances containing several carbon atoms it must be assumed that some of the See also:

• AFFINITIES

affinities of each carbon See also:

• ATOM (Gr. &rows, indivisible, from a- privative, and TE,aPfw, to cut)

atom are See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound by the affinities of the atoms of other elements contained in the substance, and some by an equal number of the affinities of the other carbon atoms . The simplest See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case is when two carbon atoms are combined so that one See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity of the one is tied to one affinity of the other; two, therefore, of the affinities of the two atoms are occupied in keeping the two atoms together, and only the remaining six are available for atoms of other elements . The next simplest case consists in the mutual interchange of two affinity See also:

• UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF
• UNITS, PHYSICAL

units, and so on .

This conception led Kekule to his " closed-See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain " or " See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring " theory of the constitution of See also:

• BENZENE, C6H6

benzene which has been called the " most brilliant piece of prediction to be found in the whole range of organic chemistry," and this in turn led in particular to the elucidation of the constitution of the " aromatic compounds," and in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general to new methods of chemical See also:

• SYNTHESIS (Gr. a6vOeacs, from avvrcBivac, to put together)

synthesis and decomposition, and to a deeper insight into the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of numberless organic bodies and their mutual relations . Professor F . R . Japp, in the Kekule memorial lecture he delivered before the See also:

• LONDON

London Chemical Society on the 15th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1897, declared that t hree-fourths of See also:

• MODERN

modern organic chemistry is directly or indirectly the product of Kekule's benzene theory, and that without its guidance and See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration the See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries of the See also:

• COAL

coal-See also:

• TAR

tar See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours and artificial therapeutic agents in their See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form and See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension would have been inconceivable . Many of Keku16's papers appeared in the Annalen der Chemie, of which he was editor, and he also published an important See also:

• WORK

work, Lehrbuch der organischen Chemie, of which the first three volumes are dated 1861, 1866 and 1882, while of the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth only one small See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section was issued in 1887 .