See also:

• KERALA, or CHERA

KERALA, or CHERA  , the name of one of the three See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• DRAVIDIAN (Sanskrit Dravida)

Dravidian kingdoms of the Tamil See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, the other two being the Chola and the Pandya . Its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original territory comprised the country now contained in the See also:

• MALABAR

Malabar See also:

• DISTRICT

district, with See also:

• TRAVANCORE

Travancore and See also:

• COCHIN
• COCHIN, DENYS MARIE PIERRE AUGUSTIN (1851L'Evolution de la vie (1895); Le Monde exterieur (1845); Contre les barbares (1899)

Cochin, and later the country included in the See also:

• COIMBATORE

Coimbatore district and a See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• SALEM

Salem . The boundaries, however, naturally varied much from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time . The earliest references to this See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom appear in the edicts of See also:

• ASOKA

Asoka, where it is called Keralaputra (i.e. son of See also:

• KERALA, or CHERA

Kerala), a name which in a slightly corrupt See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form is known to See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny and the author of the Periplus . There is See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of a lively See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade carried on by See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea with the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

empire in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early centuries of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian era, but of the See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• HISTORY

history of the Kerala kingdom nothing is known beyond a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of rajas compiled from See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions, until in the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the struggle began with the Cholas, by whom it was conquered and held till their over-throw by the Mahommedans in 1310 . These in their turn were driven out by a See also:

• HINDU

Hindu See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation headed by the chiefs of See also:

• VIJAYANAGAR, or BIJANAGAR (" the city of victory ")

Vijayanagar, and Kerala was absorbed in the Vijayanagar empireuntil its destruction by the Mahommedans in 1565 . For about 8o years it seems to have preserved a See also:

• PRECARIOUS

precarious See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence under the naiks of See also:

• MADURA
• MADURA (Dutch Madoera)

Madura, but in 164o was conquered by the Adil Shah See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty of See also:

• BIJAPUR

Bijapur and in 1652 seized by the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• MYSORE

Mysore . See V . A . See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, Early Hist. of India, See also:

• CHAP

chap. xvi . (2nd ed., See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1908) .