See also:

• KERCH, or KERTCH

KERCH, or KERTCH  , a seaport of S . See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, in the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of See also:

• TAURIDA

Taurida, on the Strait of See also:

• KERCH, or KERTCH

Kerch or Yenikale, 6o m . E.N.E. of See also:

• THEODOSIA

Theodosia, in 450 21' N. and 36° 30' E . Pop . (1897), 31,702 . It stands on the site of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Panticapaeum, and, like most towns built by the ancient See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek colonists in this See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• WORLD

world, occupies a beautiful situation, clustering See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• FOOT

foot and climbing up the sides of the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill (called after See also:

• MITHRADATES

Mithradates) on which stood the ancient citadel or See also:

• ACROPOLIS (Gr. aKpos, top, a6)Xts, city)

acropolis . The See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John the Baptist, founded in 717, is a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good example of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine • See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style . That of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander Nevsky was formerly the Kerch museum of antiquities, founded in 1825 . The more valuable See also:

• OBJECTS

objects were subsequently removed to the Hermitage at St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, while those that remained at Kerch were scattered during the See also:

• ENGLISH

English occupation in the See also:

• CRIMEAN

Crimean See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War . The existing museum is a small collection in a private See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . Among the products of See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry are See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement, See also:

• BEER

beer, aerated See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters, See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime, candles and See also:

• SOAP

soap . Fishing is carried on, and there are See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam saw-See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills and See also:

• FLOUR

flour-mills .

A See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron ore was discovered See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to Kerch in 1895, and since then See also:

• MINING

mining and See also:

• BLASTING

blasting have been actively prosecuted . The See also:

• MINERAL

mineral mud-See also:

• BATHS

baths, one of which is in the See also:

• TOWN

town itself and the other beside See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Chokrak (9 M. distant), are much frequented . Notwithstanding the deepening of the strait, so that See also:

• SHIPS

ships are now able to enter the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea of See also:

• AZOV
• AZOV, SEA OF

Azov, Kerch retains its importance for the export See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, brought thither by See also:

• COASTING

coasting vessels . See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

Grain, See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, See also:

• LINSEED

linseed, rapeseed, See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool and hides are also exported . About 6 m . N.E. are the town and old See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish fortress of Yenikale, administratively See also:

• UNITED

united with Kerch . Two and a See also:

• HALF

half See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south are strong fortified See also:

• WORKS

works defending the entrance to the Sea of Azov . The Greek See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of Panticapaeum was founded about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C., by the town of See also:

• MILETUS (mod. Palatia)

Miletus . From about 438 B.C. till the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of this region by Mithradates the See also:

• GREAT

Great, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• PONTUS

Pontus, about too B.C., the town and territory formed the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of the See also:

• BOSPORUS, or BOSPHORUS (Gr. Boo-iopos=ox-ford, tradition-ally connected with Io, daughter of Inachus, who, in the form of a heifer, crossed the Thracian Bosporus on her wanderings)

Bosporus, ruled over by an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty . Phanaces, the son of Mithradates, became the founder of a new See also:

• LINE

line under the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, which continued to exist till the middle of the 4th century A.D., and extended its See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power over the maritime parts of Tauris . After that the town—which had already begun to be known as Bospora—passed successively into the hands of the Eastern See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, of the See also:

• KHAZARS (known also as Chozars, as 'Aal r?'rpor or X6 apor in Byzantine writers, as Khazirs in Armenian and Khwalisses in Russian chronicles, and Ugri Bielii in Nestor)

Khazars, and of various See also:

• BARBARIAN (Gr. fap/3apos)

barbarian tribes . In 1318, the See also:

• TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars, who had come into See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession in the previous century, ceded the town to the Genoese, who soon raised it into new importance as a commercial centre .

They usually called the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place Cerchio, a corruption of the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian name K'rtchev (whence Kerch), which appears in the Itth century inscription of Tmutarakan (a Russian principality at the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north foot of the See also:

• CAUCASUS

Caucasus) . Under the See also:

• TURKS

Turks, whose See also:

• RULE

rule See also:

• DATES

dates from the end of the 15th century, Kerch was a military See also:

• PORT

port; and as such it plays a part in the Russo-Turkish See also:

• WARS

wars . Captured by the Russians under Dolgorukov in 1771, it was ceded to them along with Yenikale by the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of Kuchuk-Kainarji, and it became a centre of Russian See also:

• NAVAL

naval activity . Its importance was greatly impaired by the rise of See also:

• ODESSA

Odessa and See also:

• TAGANROG

Taganrog; and in 1820 the fortress was dismantled . Kerch suffered severely during the Crimean War . Archaeologically Kerch is of particular See also:

• INTEREST

interest, the kurgans or sepulchral mounds of the town and vicinity having yielded a rich variety of the most beautiful works of See also:

• ART

art . Since 1825 a large number of tombs have been opened . In the Altun or Zolotai-oba (See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden See also:

• MOUND

Mound) was found a great See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone vault similar in style to an See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian See also:

• PYRAMID

pyramid; and within, among many objects of See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note, were golden dishes adorned with griffins and beautiful arabesques . In the Kul-oba, or Mound of Cinders (opened in 183o-1831), was a similar See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb, in which were found what would appear to be the remains of one of the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of Bosporus, of his See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen, his See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse and his See also:

• GROOM

groom . The ornaments and See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture were of the most costly See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind; the king's See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow and buckler were of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold; his very See also:

• WHIP

whip intertwined with gold; the queen had golden diadems, necklace and See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast-jewels, and at her feet See also:

• LAY

lay a golden See also:

• VASE
• VASE (through Fr. from Lat. vas, a vessel, pl. vasa, of which the singular vasum is rarely found; the ultimate root is probably was-, to cover, seen in Lat: vestis, clothing, Eng. " vest," Gr. to-th c, and also in " wear," of garments)

vase . In the Pavluvskoi See also:

• KURGAN

kurgan (opened in 1858) was the tomb of a Greek See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady, containing among other articles of See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress and decoration a pair of See also:

• FINE

fine leather boots (a unique See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery) and a beautiful vase on which is painted the return of Persephone from Hades and the setting out of See also:

• TRIPTOLEMUS

Triptolemus for See also:

• ATTICA

Attica . In a neighbouring tomb was what is believed to be " the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest Greek mural See also:

• PAINTING

painting which has come down to us," dating probably from the 4th century B.c .

Among the minor objects discovered in the kurgans perhaps the most noteworthy are the fragments of engraved See also:

• BOXWOOD

boxwood, the only examples known of the art taught by the Sicyonian painter See also:

• PAMPHILUS
• PAMPHILUS (1st century A.D.)

Pamphilus . Very important finds of old Greek art continue to be made in the neighbourhood, as well as at Taman, on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Strait of Kerch . The catacombs on the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern slope of Mithradates Hill, of which nearly 200 have been explored since 1859, possess considerable interest, not only for the See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of old Greek art which some of them contain (although most were plundered in earlier times), but especially as material for the See also:

• HISTORY

history and ethnography of the Cimmerian Bosporus . In 1890 the first See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian catacom b bearing a distinct date (491) was discovered . Its walls were covered with Greek See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions and crosses . See H . D . See also:

• SEYMOUR
• SEYMOUR, HORATIO (1810-1886)
• SEYMOUR, or ST MAUR
• SEYMOUR, THOMAS

Seymour's Russia on the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Sea and Sea of Azoff See also:

• LONDON

London, 1855) ; J . B . Telfer, The See also:

• CRIMEA (ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim)

Crimea (London, 1876) ; P . Bruhn, Tchernomore, 1852–1877 (Odessa, 1878) ; Gilles, Antiquites du Bosphore Cimmerien <1854) ; D . See also:

• MACPHERSON, JAMES (1736–1796)
• MACPHERSON, SIR DAVID LEWIS (1818–1896)

Macpherson, Antiquities of Kertch (London, 1857) ; Compte rendu de la See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

Commission See also:

• IMP
• IMP (O. Eng. impa, a graft, shoot; the verb impian is cognate with Ger. impfen, to graft, inoculate, and the Fr. enter; the ultimate origin is probably the Gr. 'µ4uety, to implant, cf. Et.A4Uros, engrafted)

Imp .

Archeologique (St See also:

• PETERS (or PETER), HUGH (1598–166o)
• PETERS, KARL (1856– )

Peters-See also:

• BURG

burg) ; L . Stephani, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Alterthiimer vom Kertsch (St Petersburg, 188o) ; C . T . See also:

• NEWTON
• NEWTON, ALFRED (1829–1907)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1725-1807)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1823-1895)
• NEWTON, SIR CHARLES THOMAS (1816-1894)
• NEWTON, SIR ISAAC (1642-1727)

Newton, Essays on Art and See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

Archaeology (London, 188o) ; Reports of the [Russian] Imp . Archaeological Commission; Izvestia (Bulletin) of the Archives Commission for Taurida; Antiquiles du Bosphore Cimmeriert, conservees au Musee Imperial de l'Ermitage (St Petersburg, 1854) ; Inscriptiones antiquae orae septentrionalis Ponti Euxini graecae et latinae, with a See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface by V . V . Latyshev (St Petersburg, 189o) ; Materials for the Archaeology of Russia, published by the Imp . See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

Arch . Commission (No . 6, St Petersburg, 1891) . (P . A .

K.; J . T .