See also:

• KERMES (Arab. girmiz; see CRIMSON)

KERMES (Arab. girmiz; see See also:

• CRIMSON

CRIMSON)  , a See also:

• CRIMSON

crimson dye-stuff, now superseded by See also:

• COCHINEAL

cochineal, obtained from See also:

• KERMES (Arab. girmiz; see CRIMSON)

Kermes ilicis (= Coccus ilicis, See also:

• LAT

Lat.= C. vermilio, G . Planchon) . The genus Kermes belongs to the Coccidae or See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

Scale-See also:

• INSECTS

insects, and its See also:

• SPECIES

species are See also:

• COMMON

common on oaks wherever they grow . The species from which kermes is obtained is common in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and the Mediterranean See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin generally, where it feeds on Quercus coccifera, a small See also:

• SHRUB

shrub . As in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of other scale-insects, the See also:

• MALES

males are relatively small and are capable of See also:

• FLIGHT

flight, while the See also:

• FEMALES

females are wingless . The females of the genus Kermes are remarkable for their See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

gall-like See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, and it was not until 1714 that their See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal nature was discovered . In the See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month of May, when full grown, the females are globose, 6 to 7 millim. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter, of a reddish-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, and covered with an ash-coloured See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder . They are found attached to the twigs or buds by a circular See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• SURFACE

surface 2 millim. in diameter, and surrounded by a narrow See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone of See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white cottony down . At this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time there are concealed under a cavity, formed by the approach of the abdominal See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall of the See also:

• INSECT

insect to the dorsal one, thousands of eggs of a red colour, and smaller than See also:

• POPPY

poppy See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed, which are protruded and ranged regularly beneath the insect . At the end of May or the beginning of See also:

• JUNE

June the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape by a small orifice, near the point of See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment of the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent . They are then of a See also:

• FINE

fine red colour, elliptic and See also:

• CONVEX

convex in shape, but rounded at the two extremities, and See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear two threads See also:

• HALF

half as See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as their See also:

• BODY

body at their posterior extremity . At this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period they are extremely active, and swarm with extraordinary rapidity all over the See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food plant, and in two or three days attach themselves to fissures in the bark or buds, but rarely to the leaves .

In warm and dry summers the insects breed again in the months of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August and See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, according to See also:

• EMERIC

Emeric, and then they are more frequently found attached to the leaves . Usually they remain immovable and apparently unaltered until the end of the succeeding See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March, when their bodies become gradually distended and lose all trace of abdominal rings . They then appear full of a reddish juice resembling discoloured See also:

• BLOOD

blood . In this See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, or when the eggs are ready to be extruded, the insects are collected . In some cases the insects from which the young are ready to escape are dried in the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun on See also:

• LINEN

linen cloths—care being taken to prevent the escape of the young from the cloths until they are dead . The young insects are then sifted from the shells, made into a See also:

• PASTE (O. Fr. paste, modern pate, Late Lat. pasta, whence also in Span., Port. and Ital., from Gr. 1r&vrrl or 1raara, barley porridge, or salted pottage, ir&ao'ety, to sprinkle with salt)

paste with See also:

• VINEGAR

vinegar, and dried on skins exposed to the sun, and the paste packed in skins is then ready for exportation to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East under the name of " pate d'ecarlate." In the See also:

• PHARMACOPOEIA (lit. the art of the OapµaK07robbs, or drug-compounder)

pharmacopoeia of the ancients kermes triturated with vinegar was used as an outward application, especially in wounds of the nerves . From the 9th to the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century this insect formed an ingredient in the " confectio alkermes," a well known See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine, at one time See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official in the See also:

• LONDON

London pharmacopoeia as an astringent in doses of 20 to 6o grains or more . See also:

• SYRUP (0. Fr. ysserop, mod. sirop, Span. xarope, for axarope, Arab. al, the, and sharab, drink; cf. Sherbet " and " Shrub ")

Syrup of kermes was also prepared . Both these preparations have fallen into disuse . See also:

• MINERAL

Mineral kermes is trisulphide of See also:

• ANTIMONY (symbol Sb, atomic weight 120.2)

antimony, containing a variable portion of trioxide of antimony both See also:

• FREE

free and combined with See also:

• ALKALI

alkali . It was known as poudre See also:

• DES

des Chartreux because in 1714 it is said to have saved the See also:

• LIFE

life of a Carthusian See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk who had been given up by the See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty; but the monk See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon who administered it on that occasion called it Alkermes mineral . Its reputation became so See also:

• GREAT

great that in 1720 the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government bought the See also:

• RECIPE

recipe for its preparation .

It still appears in the pharmacopoeias of many See also:

• EUROPEAN

European countries and in that of the See also:

• UNITED

United States . The product varies somewhat according to the mode of preparation adopted . According to the French directions the official substance is obtained by adding 6o grammes of powdered antimony trisulphide to a boiling See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of 128o grammes of crystallized See also:

• SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium carbonate in 12,800 grammes of distilled See also:

• WATER

water and boiling for one See also:

• HOUR

hour . The liquid is then filtered hot, and on being allowed to cool slowly deposits the kermes, which is washed and dried at too° C.; prepared in this way it is a brown-red velvety powder, insoluble in water . See G . Planchon, Le Kermes du chine (See also:

• MONTPELLIER

Montpellier, 1864) ; See also:

• LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL
• LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (180 1876)
• LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818)
• LEWIS, MERIWETHER (1774-1809)
• LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL, BART

Lewis, Materia Medica (1784), pp . 71, 365; Memorias sobre la grana Kermes de Espana (See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, 1788); See also:

• ADAMS
• ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
• ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
• ADAMS, HENRY (1838— )
• ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT (i858— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850—1901)
• ADAMS, JOHN (1735–1826)
• ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848)
• ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
• ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
• ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)

Adams, See also:

• PAULUS
• PAULUS (older form PAur.Lus), LUCIUS AEMILIUS
• PAULUS, HEINRICH

Paulus See also:

• AEGINETA, PAULUS

Aegineta, iii . 180; See also:

• BECKMANN, JOHANN (1739–1811)

Beckmann, See also:

• HISTORY

History of Inventions .