See also:

• KHARGA (WAI1 EL-KHARGA, the outer oasis)

KHARGA (WAI1 EL-KHARGA, the See also:

• OUTER

outer See also:

• OASIS (Gr. &toss, the name given by Herodotus to the fertile spots in the Libyan desert: it probably represents an Egyptian word, cf. Coptic ouahe, ouih, to dwell, from which the Egyptian Arabic sod is derived)

oasis)  , the largest of the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian oases, and hence frequently called the See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• OASIS (Gr. &toss, the name given by Herodotus to the fertile spots in the Libyan desert: it probably represents an Egyptian word, cf. Coptic ouahe, ouih, to dwell, from which the Egyptian Arabic sod is derived)

Oasis . It lies in the Libyan See also:

• DESERT

desert between 24° and 26° N. and 30° and 31° E., the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• TOWN

town, also called See also:

• KHARGA (WAI1 EL-KHARGA, the outer oasis)

Kharga, being 435 m... by See also:

• RAIL

rail S. by W. of See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo . It is reached by a narrow-See also:

• GAUGE, or GAGE (Med. Lat. gauja, jaugia, Fr. jauge, perhaps connected with Fr. jale, a bowl, galon, gallon)

gauge See also:

• LINE

line (opened in 1908) from Kharga junction, a station on the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile' valley line near Farshut . The oasis consists of a depression in the desert some 1200 sq. m. in extent, and is about 100 m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long N. to S. and from 12 to 5o broad E. to W . Formerly, and into historic times, a See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake occupied a considerable See also:

• PART

part of the depression, and the thick deposits of See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay and See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand then laid down now See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the bulk of the cultivated lands of the oasis . It includes, however, a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• DEAL

deal of desert See also:

• LAND

land . The inhabitants numbered (1907 See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census) 8348 . They are of See also:

• BERBER

Berber stock . Administratively the oasis forms part of the mudiria of See also:

• ASSIUT, or SLUT

Assiut . It is practically rainless, and there is not now a single natural flowing See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring . There are, however, numerous See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

wells, See also:

• WATER

water being obtained freely from the porous See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone which underlies a great part of the Libyan desert . Some very See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient wells are 400 ft. deep .

In water-bearing sandstones near the See also:

• SURFACE

surface there are underground aqueducts dating from See also:

• ROMAN

Roman times . The oasis contains many groves of date palms, there being over 6o,000 adult trees in 1907 . The dom See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm, See also:

• TAMARISK

tamarisk, See also:

• ACACIA

acacia and See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• SENNA (Arab. sand)

senna are also found . See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

Rice, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley and See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat are the chief cereals cultivated, and See also:

• LUCERNE
• LUCERNE (Ger. Luzern; Ital. Lucerne)
• LUCERNE, LAKE OF
• LUCERNE, PURPLE MEDICK

lucerne for See also:

• FODDER

fodder . Besides See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture the only See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry is See also:

• BASKET

basket and See also:

• MAT (O. Eng. meatt, from late Lat. mattes, whence Ital. mallet, Ger. and Dan. matte, Du. mat, &c.)

mat making—from palm leaves and fibre . Since 1906 extensive See also:

• BORING

boring and land reclamation See also:

• WORKS

works have been undertaken in the oasis . The name of the oasis appears in See also:

• HIEROGLYPHICS (Gr. iepos, sacred, and'yXv ni, carving)

hieroglyphics as Kenem, and that of its See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital as Hebi (the plough) . In Pharaonic times it supported a large See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, but the numerous ruins are mostly of later date . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal ruin, a See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• AMMON
• AMMON, CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1766—185o)

Ammon, built under See also:

• DARIUS (Pers. Darayavaush; Old Test. Daryavesh)

Darius, is of sandstone, 142 ft. long by 63 ft. broad and 3o ft. in height . See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east is another temple, a square See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• BUILDING

building with the name of See also:

• ANTONINUS, SAINT ANTONIO PIEROZZI

Antoninus See also:

• PIUS

Pius over one of the en-trances . On the eastern escarpment of the oasis on the way to See also:

• GIRGA, or GIRGEH

Girga are the remains of a large Roman fort with twelve bastions . On the road to Assiut is a See also:

• FINE

fine Roman See also:

• COLUMBARIUM (Lat. columba, a dove)

columbarium or See also:

• DOVE
• DOVE (Dutch duyve, Dan. due, Ice. dufa, Ger. Taube)

dove-cote .

Next to the great temple the most interesting ruin in the oasis is, however, the See also:

• NECROPOLIS

necropolis, a See also:

• BURIAL

burial-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Christians, placed on a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill 3 M . N. of the town of Kharga . There are some two See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred rectangular See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb buildings in unburnt See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick with ornamented fronts . In most of the tombs is a chamber in which the See also:

• MUMMY (from the Persian mumiai, pitch or asphalt)

mummy was placed, the Egyptian Christians at first continuing this method of preserving the bodies of their dead . In several of the tombs and in the See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel of the See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery is painted the Egyptian sign of See also:

• LIFE

life, which was confounded with the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• CROSS

cross . The chapel is basilican; in it and in another building in the necropolis are crude frescoes of biblical subjects . Kharga town (pop . 1907 census, 5362) is picturesquely situated amid palm groves . The houses are of See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun-dried bricks, the streets narrow and winding and for the most part roofed over, the See also:

• ROOFS

roofs carrying upper storeys . Some of the streets are cut through the solid See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock . South of the town are the villages of See also:

• GENNA

Genna, Guehda (with a temple dedicated to Ammon, Mut and Khonsil), Bulak (pop . 1012), Dakakin, Beris (pop .

1564), Dush (with remains of a fine temple bearing the names of See also:

• DOMITIAN (Thus FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS)

Domitian and See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian), &c . Kharga is usually identified with the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Oasis mentioned by See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus as being seven days' See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey from See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

Thebes and called in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island of the Blessed . The oasis was traversed by the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of See also:

• CAMBYSES (528-521)
• CAMBYSES (Pers. Kambujiya)

Cambyses when on its way to the oasis of Ammon (See also:

• SIWA

Siwa), the army perishing in the desert before reaching its destination . During the Roman See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, as it had also been in Pharaonic times, Kharga was used as a place of banishment, the most notable See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile being See also:

• NESTORIUS (d. c. 451)

Nestorius, sent thither after his condemnation by the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus . Later it became a halting-place for the caravans of slaves brought from See also:

• DARFUR

Darfur to See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt . About roo m . W. of Kharga is the oasis of Dakhla, the inner or receding oasis, so named in contrast to Kharga as being farther from the Nile . Dakhla has a population (1907) of 18,368 . Its chief town, El Kasr, has 3602 inhabitants . The principal ruin, of Roman origin and now called See also:

• DEIR, or DEIR

Deir el Hagar (the stone See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent), is of considerable See also:

• SIZE

size . The Theban triad were the chief deities worshipped here . Some 120 M .

N.W. of Dakhla is the oasis of Farafra, population about r000, said to be the first of the oases conquered by the Moslems from the Christians . It is noted for the fine quality of its See also:

• OLIVES, MOUNT OF, or MOUNT OLIVET ("Opus 'EXc uwos or riov 'EXauav; mod. Jebel-et-Tur)

olives . The Baharia, or Little Oasis (pop. about 6000), lies 8o m . N.N.E. of Farafra . Many of its inhabitants, who are of Berber See also:

• RACE

race, are Senussites . Baharia is about 250 M . E.S.E. of the oasis of Siwa (see EGYPT: The Oases; and SiwA) . See H . See also:

• BRUGSCH, HEINRICH KARL (1827-1894)

Brugsch, Reise nach dem grossen Oase el-Khargeh in der Libyschen See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

Waste (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1878) ; H . J . L . Beadnell, An Egyptian Oasis (See also:

• LONDON

London, 19o9); See also:

• MURRAY
• MURRAY (or MORAY), EARLS OF
• MURRAY (or MORAY), JAMES STUART, EARL OF (c. 1531-1570)
• MURRAY (or MORAY), SIR ROBERT (c. 1600-1673)
• MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART (1841-1904)
• MURRAY, DAVID (1849– )
• MURRAY, EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE (1824–1881)
• MURRAY, JAMES (c. 1719-1794)
• MURRAY, JOHN
• MURRAY, JOHN (1778–1820)
• MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745–1826)
• MURRAY, LORD GEORGE (1694–1760)
• MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY (1837– )
• MURRAY, SIR JOHN (1841– )

Murray's Handbook for Egypt, 11th ed .

(London, 1907); See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

Geological and Topographical See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report on Kharga Oasis (1899), on Farafra Oasis (1899), on Dakhla Oasis (1900), on Baharia Oasis (1903), all issued by the Public Works See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department, Cairo . (F . R .