See also:

• KHORASAN, or KHORASSAN (i.e. " land of the sun ")

KHORASAN, or KHORASSAN (i.e. " See also:

• LAND

land of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun ")  , a See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical See also:

• TERM

term originally applied to the eastern of the four quarters (named from the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal points) into which the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy of the Sassanians was divided . After the Arab See also:

• CON

con-quest the name was retained both as the designation of a definite See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province and in a looser sense . Under the new See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire the expression has gradually become restricted to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-eastern portion of See also:

• PERSIA

Persia which forms one of the five See also:

• GREAT

great provinces of that See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . The province is conterminous E. with See also:

• AFGHANISTAN

Afghanistan, N. with See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian Transcaspian territory, W. with See also:

• ASTARABAD

Astarabad and See also:

• SHAHRUD

Shahrud-Bostam, and S. with See also:

• KERMAN
• KERMAN (the ancient Karmania)

Kerman and See also:

• YEZD
• YEZD, or YAZD

Yezd . It lies mainly within 29° 45'–38° 15' N. and 56°–61° E., extending about 320 M. See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and 570 M. north and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, with a See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area of about 150,000 sq. m . The See also:

• SURFACE

surface is mountainous . The ranges generally run in parallel ridges, inclosing extensive valleys, with a normal direction from N.W. to S.E . The whole of the north is occupied by an extensive highland See also:

• SYSTEM

system composed of a See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• ELBURZ, or ALBURZ (from O. Pers. Hara-bere-zaili, the " High Mountain ")

Elburz and its continuation extending to the See also:

• PAROPAMISUS

Paropamisus . This system, sometimes spoken of collectively as the Kuren Dagh, or Kopet Dagh from its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief sections, forms in the east three ranges, the Hazar Masjed, Binalud Kuh and Jagatai, enclosing the See also:

• MESHED (properly Mash-had, " the place of martyrdom ")

Meshed-See also:

• KUCHAN

Kuchan valley and the Jovain See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain . The former is watered by the Kashaf-rud (See also:

• TORTOISE

Tortoise See also:

• RIVER

River), or river of Meshed, flowing east to the Hari-rud, their junction forming the Tejen, which sweeps See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the Daman-i-Kuh, or See also:

• NORTHERN

northern skirt of the See also:

• OUTER

outer range, towards the See also:

• CASPIAN

Caspian but loses itself in the See also:

• DESERT

desert See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long before reaching it . The Jovain plain is watered by the See also:

• KALI (black)

Kali-i-mura, an unimportant river which flows south to the Great Kavir or central depression . In the west the northern See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands develop two branches: (I) the Kuren Dagh, stretching through the Great and Little Balkans to the Caspian at See also:

• KRASNOVODSK

Krasnovodsk See also:

• BAY

Bay, (2) the See also:

• ALA

Ala Dagh, forming a continuation of the Binalud Kuh and joining Oahe mountains between Bujnurd and Astarabad, which See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form part of the Elburz system .

The Kuren Dagh and Ala Dagh enclose the valley of the See also:

• ATREK

Atrek River, which flows west and south-west into the Caspian at See also:

• HASSAN

Hassan Kull Bay . The western off-shoots of the Ala Dagh in the north and the mountains of Astarabad in the south enclose the valley of the Gurgan River, which also flows westwards and parallel to the Atrek to the south-eastern corner of the Caspian . The outer range has probably a mean See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of 8000 ft., the highest known summits being the Hazar Masjed (10,500) and the Kara Dagh (98o0) . The central range seems to be higher, culminating with the Shah-Jehan Kuh (r1,000) and the Ala Dagh (11,500) . The See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern ridges, although generally much See also:

• LOWER

lower, have the highest point of the whole system in the Shah Kuh (13,000) between Shahrud and Astarabad . South of this northern highland several parallel ridges run diagonally across the province in a N.W.–S.E. direction as far as See also:

• SEISTAN, or SISTAN (SEJISTAN)

Seistan . Beyond the Atrek and other See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers watering the northern valleys a few brackish and intermittent rivers lose themselves in the Great Kavir, which occupies the central and western parts of the province . The true See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the kavir, which forms the distinctive feature of east Persia, has scarcely.been determined, some regarding it as the See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of a dried-up See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, others as See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed by the saline streams draining to it from the surrounding high-lands . See also:

• COLLECTING

Collecting in the central depressions, which have a mean See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of scarcely more than 500 ft. above the Caspian, the See also:

• WATER

water of these streams is supposed to form saline deposits with a thin hard crust, beneath which the moisture is retained for a considerable See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, thus producing those dangerous and slimy quagmires which in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter are covered with brine, in summer with a treacherous incrustation of See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt . Dr Sven Hedin explored the central depressions in 1906 . The surface of See also:

• KHORASAN, or KHORASSAN (i.e. " land of the sun ")

Khorasan thus consists mainly of highlands, saline, swampy deserts and upland valleys, some fertile and well-watered . Of the last, occurring mainly in the north, the chief are the See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal valley stretching from near the See also:

• HERAT

Herat frontier through Meshed, Kuchan and See also:

• SHIRVAN

Shirvan to Bujnurd, the Derrehgez See also:

• DISTRICT

district, which lies on the northern skirt of the outer range projecting into the Akhal Tekkeh domain, now Russian territory, and the districts of See also:

• NISHAPUR
• NISHAPUR (Old Pers. Nev-shdpur-nev, New Pers. niv, nik= good; Arab. Naisabur)

Nishapur and See also:

• SABZEVAR

Sabzevar which See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie south of the Binalud and Jagatai ranges .

These fertile tractsproduce See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice and other cereals, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, See also:

• OPIUM (Gr. amov, dim. from Orbs, juice)

opium and fruits in profusion . Other products are See also:

• MANNA

manna, suffron, asafoetida and other gums . The chief manufactures are swords, See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone-See also:

• WARE

ware, carpets and rugs, woollens, cottons, silks and sheepskin pelisses (pustin, Afghan poshtin) . The administrative divisions of the province are: t, Nishapur; 2, Sabzevar; 3, Jovain; 4, Asfarain; 5, Bujnurd; 6, Kuchan; 7, Derrehgez; 8, Kelat; 9, Chinaran; to, Meshed; 11Jam ; 12, Bakharz; 13, Radkan; 14, Serrakhs; 15, Sar-i-jam; 16, See also:

• BARN

Barn and Safiabad; 17, Turbet i Haidari; 18, See also:

• TURSHIZ

Turshiz; 19, Khaf; 20, See also:

• TUN

Tun and Tabbas; 21, See also:

• KAIN

Kain; 22, Seistan . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population consists of Iranians (Tajiks, Kurds, BaIuchis), See also:

• MONGOLS

Mongols, See also:

• TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars and See also:

• ARABS

Arabs, and is estimated at about a million . The Persians proper have always represented the settled, See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial and trading elements, and to them the Kurds and the Arabs have become largely assimilated . Even many of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original Tatar, Mongol and other See also:

• NOMAD (Gr. voµas, voµabes, wandering)

nomad tribes (ilat), instead of leading their former roving and unsettled See also:

• LIFE

life of the See also:

• SAHARA

sahara-nishin (dwellers in the desert), are settled and peaceful shahr-nishin (dwellers in towns) . In See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion all except some Tatars and Mongols and the Baluchis have con-formed to the See also:

• NATIONAL

national Shiah faith . The revenues (See also:

• CASH

cash and See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind) of the province amount to about £18o,000 a See also:

• YEAR

year, but very little of this amount reaches the See also:

• TEHERAN
• TEHERAN (more properly TEHRAN)

Teheran See also:

• TREASURY

treasury . The value of the exports and imports from and into the whole province is a little under a million See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling a year . The province produces about lo,000 tons of See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool and a third of this quantity, or rather more, valued at £70,000 to £80,000, is exported via See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia to the markets of western See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, notably to See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles, Russia keeping only a small part . Other important articles of export, all to Russia, are cotton, carpets, shawls and turquoises, the last from the mines near Nishapur .

(A .