KIEV  , a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the above See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, on the right or See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• DNIEPER

Dnieper, in 50° 27' 12" N. and 300 30' 18" E., 628 m. by See also:

• RAIL

rail S.W. of See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow and 406 m. by rail N.N.E. of See also:

• ODESSA

Odessa . The site of the greater See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• TOWN

town consists of hills or bluffs separated by ravines and hollows, the See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of the central portions being about 300 ft. above the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary level of the Dnieper . On the opposite See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• RIVER

river the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country spreads out See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low and level like a See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . Having received all its important tributaries, the Dnieper is here a broad (400 to 580 yds.) and navigable stream; but as it approaches the town it divides into two arms and forms a low grassy See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of considerable extent called Tukhanov . During the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring floods there is a rise of 16 or even 20 ft., and not only the island but the country along the See also:

• LEFT

left bank and the See also:

• LOWER

lower grounds on the right bank are laid under See also:

• WATER

water . The See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of the river is sandy and shifting, and it is only by costly See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering See also:

• WORKS

works that the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main stream has been kept from returning to the more eastern channel, along which it formerly flowed . Opposite the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern part of the town, where the currents have again See also:

• UNITED

united, the river is crossed by a suspension See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge, which at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of its erection (1848-1853) was the largest enterprise of the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . It is about See also:

• HALF

half a mile in length and 522 ft. in breadth, and the four See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal spans are each 440 ft . The bridge was designed by Vignoles, and cost about £400,000 . Steamers ply in summer to See also:

• KREMENCHUG

Kremenchug, See also:

• EKATERINOSLAV

Ekaterinoslav, See also:

• MOGILEV

Mogilev, See also:

• PINSK

Pinsk and See also:

• CHERNIGOV

Chernigov . Altogether Kiev is one of the most beautiful cities in Russia, and the vicinity too is picturesque . Until 1837 the town proper consisted of the Old Town, Pechersk and Podoli; but in that See also:

• YEAR

year three districts were added, and in 1879 the limits were extended to include Kurenevka, Lukyanovka, Shulyavka and Solomenka .

The administrative See also:

• AREA

area of the town is 13,500 acres . The Old Town, or Old Kiev See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter (Starokievskaya Chast), occupies the highest of the range of hills . Here the houses are most closely built, and See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone structures most abundant . In some of the principal streets are buildings of three to five storeys, a comparatively rare thing in Russia, indeed in the main See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street (Kreshchatik) See also:

• FINE

fine structures have been erected since 1896 . In the 11th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the area was enclosed by earthen ramparts, with bastions and gateways; but of these the only surviving remnant is the See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden See also:

• GATE

Gate . In the centre of the Old Town stands the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia, the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest cathedral in the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . Its See also:

• EXTERNAL

external walls are of a See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, and it has ten cupolas, four spangled with stars and six surmounted each with a See also:

• CROSS

cross . The golden See also:

• CUPOLA (Ital., from Lat. cupula, small cask or vault, cupa, tub)

cupola of the four-storeyed campanile is visible for many See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles across the See also:

• STEPPES

steppes . The statement frequently made that the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church was a copy of St Sophia's in See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople has been shown to be a See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake . The See also:

• BUILDING

building See also:

• MEASURES

measures in length 177 ft., while its breadth is 118 ft . But though the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan shows no See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine church, the decorations of the interior (mosaics, frescoes, &c.) do indicate See also:

• DIRECT

direct Byzantine See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . During the occupation of the church by the Uniats or United See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek Church in the 17th century these were covered with whitewash, and were only discovered in 1842, after which the cathedral was internally restored; but the See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel of the Three Pontiffs has been left untouched to show how carefully the old See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style has been preserved or copied .

Among the mosaics is a See also:

• COLOSSAL

colossal See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of the Virgin, 15 ft. in height, which, like the so-called " indestructible See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall " in which it is inlaid, See also:

• DATES

dates from the time (1o19-1054) of See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince Yaroslay . This prince founded the church in 1037 in gratitude for his victory over the See also:

• PETCHENEGS, or PATZINAKS

Petchenegs, a See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish See also:

• RACE

race then settled in'the Dnieper valley . His See also:

• SARCOPHAGUS (Gr. vapsorg yos, literally " flesh-eating," from vapt, flesh, ¢ayeiv, to eat)

sarcophagus, curiously sculptured with palms, fishes, &c., is preserved . The church of St See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew the Apostle occupies the spot where, according to Russian tradition, that apostle stood when as yet Kiev was not, and declared that the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill would become the site of a great city . The See also:

• PRESENT

present building,in florid See also:

• ROCOCO, or ROCAILLE

rococo style, dates from 1744-1767 . The church of the See also:

• TITHES

Tithes, rebuilt in 1828-1842, was founded in the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the loth century by Prince See also:

• VLADIMIR
• VLADIMIR, ST (c. 956-1015)

Vladimir in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of two martyrs whom he had put to See also:

• DEATH

death; and the monastery of St See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael (or of .the Golden Heads—so called from the fifteen gilded cupolas of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original church) claims to have been built in 1108 by Svyatopolk II., and was restored in 1655 by the Cossack chieftain Bogdan See also:

• CHMIELNICKI, BOGDAN (c. 1593-1657)

Chmielnicki . On a See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau above the river, the favourite See also:

• PROMENADE

promenade of the citizens, stands the Vladimir See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument (1853) in See also:

• BRONZE

bronze . In this quarter, some distance back from the river, is the new and richly decorated Vladimir cathedral (1862-1896), in the Byzantine style, distinguished for the beauty and richness of its paintings . Until 182o the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-eastern See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Pechersk was the See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial and commercial quarter; but it has been greatly altered in carrying out fortifications commenced in that year' by See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

Tsar See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas I . Most of the houses are small and old-fashioned . The monastery—the Kievo-Pecherskaya—is the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of its kind in Russia; it is visited every year by about 250,000 pilgrims . Of its ten or twelve conventual churches the chief is that of the See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

Assumption .

There are four distinct quarters in the monastery, each under a See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior, subject to the See also:

• ARCHIMANDRITE (from Gr. apxcov, a ruler, and µav3pa, a fold or monastery)

archimandrite: the Laura proper or New Monastery, that of the Infirmary, and those of the Nearer and the Further Caves . These caves or catacombs are the most striking characteristic of the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place; the name Pechersk, indeed, is connected with the Russian peshchera, " a See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave." The first See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of caves, dedicated to St See also:

• ANTHONY, SAINT
• ANTHONY, SUSAN BROWNELL (1820-1906)

Anthony, contains eighty See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints' tombs; the second, dedicated to St See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius, a See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint greatly venerated in Russia, about See also:

• FORTY

forty-five . The bodies were formerly exposed to view; but the pilgrims who now pass through the galleries see nothing but the draperies and the See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions . Among the more notable names are those of See also:

• NESTOR
• NESTOR (c. 1056-c. 1114)

Nestor the chronicler, and Iliya of See also:

• MUROM

Murom, the Old Cossack of the Russian epics . The See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the monastery is ascribed to two saints of the 1 rth century—Anthony and See also:

• HILARION, ST (c. 290--371)

Hilarion, the latter See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan of Kiev . By the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 12th century it had become wealthy and beautiful . Completely ruined by the Mongol prince See also:

• BATU

Batu in 1240, it remained deserted for more than two centuries . Prince See also:

• SIMEON
• SIMEON (or SYMEON) OF DURHAM (d. after 1129)
• SIMEON, JOSEPH JEROME, COMTE (1749–1842)

Simeon Oblkovich was the first to begin the restoration . A conflagration laid the buildings See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste in 1716, and their present aspect is largely due to See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter the Great . The cathedral of the Assumption, with seven gilded cupolas, was dedicated in 1089, destroyed by the See also:

• MONGOLS

Mongols in 1240, and restored in 1729; the wall-paintings of the interior are by V . See also:

• VERESHCHAGIN, VASSILI VASSILIEVICH (1842-1904)

Vereshchagin . The monastery contains a school of picture-makers of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient origin, whose productions are widely diffused throughout the empire, and a See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press, from which have issued liturgical and religious works, the oldest known examples bearing the date 1616 .

It possesses a wonder-working ikon or See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image of the " Death of the Virgin," said to have been brought from Constantinople in 1073, and the second highest See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell-See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower in Russia . The Podol quarter lies on the low ground at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the bluffs . It is the industrial and trading quarter of the city, and the seat of the great See also:

• FAIR

fair of the " Contracts," the transference of which from Dubno in 1797 largely stimulated the commercial prosperity of Kiev . The present See also:

• REGULAR

regular arrangement of its streets arose after the great See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire of 1811 . Lipki district (from the lipki or See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime trees, destroyed in 1833) is of See also:

• RECENT

recent origin, and is mainly inhabited by the well-to-do classes . It is some-times called the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace quarter, from the royal palace erected between 1868 and 1870, on the site of the older structure dating from the time of Tsaritsa See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth . Gardens and parks abound; the palace See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden is exceptionally fine, and in the same neighbourhood are the public gardens with the place of amusement known as the See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

Chateau See also:

• DES

des Fleurs . In the New Buildings, or the Lybed quarter, are the university and the botanical gardens . The Ploskaya Chast (See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

Flat quarter) or Obolon contains the lunatic See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum; the Lukyanovka Chast, the See also:

• PENITENTIARY (med. Lat. poenitentiarius, from poenitentia, penance, poena, punishment, a term used both as adjective and substantive, referring either to the means of repentance or that of punishment. In its ecclesiastical use the word is used as the equi

penitentiary and the See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp and See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks; and the Bulvarnaya Chast, the military gymnasium of St Vladimir and the railway station . The educational and scientific institutions of Kiev See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank next to those of the two capitals . Its university, removed from See also:

• VILNA, or WILN0
• VILNA, or WILNO

Vilna to Kiev in 1834, has about 2500 students, and is well provided with observatories, laboratories, See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries and museums; five scientific See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies and two societies for aid to poor students are attached to it . There are, besides, a theological See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy, founded in 1615; a society of church See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

archaeology, which possesses a museum built in 1900, very See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in old ikons, crosses, &c., both Russian and .

See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental; an imperial academy of See also:

• MUSIC

music; university courses for ladies; a See also:

• POLYTECHNIC (Gr. aroWus, many, and rEXvn, an art)

polytechnic, with 1300 students—the building was completed in 'goo and stands on the other side of Old Kiev, away from the river . Of the learned societies the more important are the medical (184o), the naturalists' (1869), the juridical (1876), the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical of Nestor the Chronicler (1872), the horticultural • (1875), and the dramatic (1879), the archaeological See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission (1843), and the society of church archaeology . Kiev is the principal centre for the See also:

• SUGAR

sugar See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry of Russia, as well as for the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of the region . Its Stryetenskaya fair is important . More than twenty caves were discovered on the slope of a hill (Kirilov Street), and one of them, excavated in 1876, proved to have belonged to See also:

• NEOLITHIC, or LATER STONE AGE (Gr. vEOr, new, and XLOos, stone)

neolithic See also:

• TROGLODYTES (rpcay?oSurat, from rpwyXn, hole, Svw, creep)

troglodytes . Numerous See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves, both from the See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan and the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian periods, the latter containing more than 2000 skeletons, with a great number of small articles, were discovered in the same year in the same neighbourhood . Many colonial See also:

• ROMAN

Roman coins of the 3rd and 4th centuries, and See also:

• SILVER

silver dirhems, stamped at See also:

• SAMARKAND

Samarkand, See also:

• BALKH

Balkh, See also:

• MERV, MERU

Merv, &c., were also found in 1869 . In 1862 the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of Kiev was returned as 70,341; in 1874 the See also:

• TOTAL

total was given as 127,251; and in 1902 as 319,000 . This includes 20,000 Poles and 12,000 See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews . Kiev is the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head-quarters of the IX . See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

Army See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

Corps, and of a metropolitan of the Orthodox Greek Church . The See also:

• HISTORY

history of Kiev cannot be satisfactorily separated from that of Russia .

According to Nestor's See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend it was founded in 864 by three See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, Kiy, Shchek and Khoriv, and after their deaths the principality was seized by two Varangians (Scandinavians), Askold and See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die, followers of Rurik, also in 864 . Rurik's successor See also:

• OLEG (?-912)

Oleg conquered Kiev in 882 and made it the chief town of his principality . It was in the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the Dnieper opposite the town that Prince Vladimir, the first saint of the Russian church, caused his See also:

• PEOPLE

people to be baptized (988), and Kiev became the seat of the first Christian church, of the first Christian school, and of the first library in Russia . For three See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred and seventy-six years it was an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent Russian city; for eighty years (1240—1320) it was subject to the Mongols; for two hundred and forty-nine years (132o—1569) it be-longed to the Lithuanian principality; and for eighty-five years to See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland (1569—1654) . It was finally united to the Russian empire in 1686 . The city was devastated by the See also:

• KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

khan of the See also:

• CRIMEA (ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim)

Crimea in 1483 . The See also:

• MAGDEBURG

Magdeburg rights, which the city enjoyed from 1516, were abolished in 1835, and the ordinary See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of town government introduced; and in 184o it was made subject to the See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of the empire . The Russian literature concerning Kiev is voluminous . Its bibliography will be found in the Russian See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

Geographical See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary of P . Semenov, and in the Russian Encyclopaedic Dictionary, published by See also:

• BROCKHAUS, FRIEDRICH ARNOLD (1772-1823)

Brockhaus and Efron (vol. xv., 1895) . Among recent publications are: See also:

• RAMBAUD, ALFRED NICOLAS (1842-1905)

Rambaud's La Russie epique (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1876); See also:

• AVENARIUS, RICHARD HEINRICH LUDWIG (1843-1896)

Avenarius, Kniga o Kievskikh Bogatuiryakh (St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, 1876), dealing with the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Kiev heroes; Zakrevski, Opisanie Kieva (1868) ; the materials issued by the commission for the investigation of the ancient records of the city; Taranovskiy, Gorod Kiev (Kiev, 1881); De Baye, Kiev, la See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere des villes russes (Paris, 1896) ; See also:

• GOETZ, HERMANN (184o-1876)

Goetz, Das Kiewer Hohlenkloster als Kulturzentrum des Vormongolischen Russ-lands (See also:

• PASSAU

Passau, 1904) . See also See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Bobrinsky, Kurgans of Smiela (1897); and N .

Byelyashevsky, The Mints of Kiev . (P . A . K.; J . T . BE.)town), See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, silks and " See also:

• PAISLEY
• PAISLEY, CLAUD HAMILTON, LORD (c. 1543-1622)

Paisley " shawls, and See also:

• CALICO

calico-printing, besides quarries, See also:

• COAL

coal and See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron mines in the neighbourhood . Two miles south-west is a great See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock of greenstone called Clochoderrick, 12 ft. in height, 22 ft. in length, and 17 ft. in breadth . About 2 M. See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-west on Gryfe Water, lies Bridge of See also:

• WEIR (from O. Eng. wer, a dam; cognate with werian, to defend, guard; cf. Ger. Wehr, defence)
• WEIR, ROBERT WALTER (1803-1889)

Weir (pop . 2242), the See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries of which comprise tanning, currying, calico-printing, See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread-making and See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood-turning . It has a station on the See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow & South-Western railway . Immediately to the south-west of Bridge of Weir are the ruins of Ranfurly See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle, the ancient seat of the Knoxes . See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John de Knocks (fl .

1422) is supposed to have been the great-grandfather of John See also:

• KNOX, HENRY (1750-1806)
• KNOX, JOHN (c. 1505–1572)
• KNOX, PHILANDER CHASE (1853– )

Knox; and Andrew Knox (1559-1633), one of the most distinguished members of the See also:

• FAMILY

family, was successively See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of the Isles, See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot of Icolmkill (See also:

• IONA

Iona), and bishop of Raphoe . About 4 M . N.W. of Bridge of Weir lies the See also:

• HOLIDAY

holiday resort of Kilmalcolm (pronounced Kilmacome; pop . 2220), with a station on the Glasgow & South-Western railway . It has a See also:

• GOLF (in its older forms GOFF, GOUFF or GOWFF, the last of which gives the genuine old pronunciation)

golf-course, public See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park and hydropathic establishment . Several charitable institutions have been built in and near the town, amongst them the well-known Quarrier's See also:

• ORPHAN

Orphan Homes of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland .