FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF See also:

• FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF KINGS

KINGS  , two books of the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible, the last of the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of Old Testament histories known as the Earlier or Former Prophets . They were originally reckoned as a single See also:

• BOOK

book (See also:

• JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS (c. 37-C. 95?)

Josephus; See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen ap . Ens., H.E. vi . 25; Peshitta; See also:

• TALMUD

Talmud), though See also:

• MODERN

modern Bibles follow the bipartition which is derived from the See also:

• SEPTUAGINT, THE (Gr. of 0', Lat. LXX.)

Septuagint . In that version they are called the third and See also:

• FOURTH

fourth books of " kingdoms " ((3aoiAet&w), the first and second being our books of See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel . The See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division into two books is not felicitous, and even the old See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew separation between See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings and Samuel must not be taken to mean that the See also:

• HISTORY

history from the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of Samuel to the See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile was treated by two distinct authors in See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent volumes . We cannot speak of the author of Kings or Samuel, but only of an editor or of successive editors whose See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• WORK

work was to arrange in a continuous See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form extracts or abstracts from earlier See also:

• SOURCES

sources . The introduction of a See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme and of a series of editorial comments and additions, chiefly designed to enforce the religious meaning of the history, gives a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of unity to the book of Kings as we now read it; but beneath this we can still distinguish a variety of documents, which, though some-times mutilated in the See also:

• PROCESS

process of piecing together, retain sufficient individuality of See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style and See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour to prove their See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence . Of these documents one of the best defined is the vivid picture of See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David's See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court at See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem (2 Sam. ix.–xx.) from which the first two chapters of i Kings manifestly cannot be separated . As it would be unreasonable to suppose that the editor of the history of David closed his work abruptly before the See also:

• DEATH

death of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, breaking off in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of a valuable memoir which See also:

• LAY

lay before him, this observation leads us to conclude that the books of Samuel and Kings are not independent histories . They have at least one source in See also:

• COMMON

common, and a single editorial See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand was at work on both . From an See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical point of view, however, the division which makes the beginning of See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon's reign the beginning of a new book is very convenient .

The See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine by the Israelite tribes, recounted in the book of See also:

• JOSHUA, BOOK OF

Joshua, leads up to the era of the "See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges" (Judg. ii . 6–23; iii. sqq.), and the books of Samuel follow with the institution of the See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy and the first kings . The books of Kings bring to a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close the See also:

• LIFE

life of David (c . 975 B.C.), which forms the introduction to the reign of Solomon (I Kings ii . 12–xi.), the troubles in whose See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time prepared the way for the separation into the two distinct kingdoms, viz . See also:

• JUDAH

Judah and the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern tribes of See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel (xii. sqq.) . After the fall of See also:

• SAMARIA

Samaria, the history of these Israelites is rounded off with a See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

review (2 Kings xvii.–xviii . 12) . The history of the surviving See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Judah is then carried down to the destruction of Jerusalem and the exile (5 and 6), and, after an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the Chaldean governorship, concludes with the See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release of the See also:

• CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive king See also:

• JEHOIACHIN (Heb. " Yah[weh] establisheth ")

Jehoiachin (561 B.C.) and with an allusion to his kind treatment during the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his lifetime . The most noticeable feature in the book is the recurring See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the centralization of See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship in the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple at Jerusalem as prescribed in See also:

• DEUTERONOMY

Deuteronomy and enforced by See also:

• JOSIAH (Heb. yo' shiyydhu, perhaps " Yah [weh] supports ")

Josiah . Amidst the See also:

• GREAT

great variety in style and manner which marks the severalparts of the history, features which are imbued with the teaching of Deuteronomy recur regularly in similar stereotyped forms . They point in fact to a specific redaction, and thus it would seem that the editor who treated the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the Temple, the central event of Solomon's life, as a religious See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch of the first importance, regarded this as the beginning of a new era—the history of Israel under the one See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary .

When we assume that the book of Kings was thrown into its See also:

• PRESENT

present form by a Deuteronomistic redactor we do not affirm that he was the first who digested the sources of the history into a continuous work, nor must we ascribe sRedauccescisive .ons . See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute finality to his work . He gave the book a definite shape and See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, but the recognized methods of Hebrew literature See also:

• LEFT

left it open to additions and modifications by later hands . Even the redaction in the spirit of Deuteronomy seems itself to have had more than one See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage, as See also:

• EWALD, GEORG HEINRICH AUGUST VON (1803-1875)
• EWALD, JOHANNES (1743-1781)

Ewald See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long ago recognized . The See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence to be detailed presently shows that there was a certain want of definiteness about the redaction . The See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of dis- jointed materials, not always See also:

• FREE

free from inconsistencies, which lay before the editor in See also:

• SEPARATE

separate documents or in excerpts already partially arranged by an earlier hand, could not have been reduced to real unity without See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical sifting, and an entire recasting of the narrative in away See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign to the ideas and See also:

• LITERARY

literary habits of the See also:

• HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE

Hebrews . The unity which the editor aimed at was limited to (a) chronological continuity in the events recorded and (b) a certain uniformity in the treatment of the religious meaning of the narrative . Even this could not be perfectly attained in the circumstances, and the links of the history were not firmly enough riveted to pre-vent disarrangement or rearrangement of details by later See also:

• SCRIBES

scribes . (a) The continued efforts of successive redactors can be traced in the See also:

• CHRONOLOGY (Gr. xpovo?oyfa, computation of time, xp6vos)

chronology of the book . The chronological method of the narrative appears most clearly in the history after Solomon, where the events of each king's reign are thrown into a kind of stereotyped framework on this type: " In the twentieth See also:

• YEAR

year of See also:

• JEROBOAM (Heb. ydrob`dm, apparently " Am ['the clan,' here perhaps a divine name] contends "; LXX. iepof3oaµ)

Jeroboam, king of Israel, See also:

• ASA

Asa began to reign over Judah, and reigned in Jerusalem See also:

• FORTY

forty-one years." " In the third year of Asa, king of Judah, Baasha began to reign over Israel in Tirzah twenty-four years." The history moves between Judah and Israel according to the 'date of each See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession; as soon as a new king has been introduced, every-thing that happened in his reign is discussed, and See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound up by another stereotyped See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula as to the death and See also:

• BURIAL

burial of the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign; and to this See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical arrangement the natural connexion of events is often sacrificed . In this scheme the elaborate synchronisms between contemporary monarchs of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south give an aspect of great precision to the chronology . But in reality the data for Judah and Israel do not agree, and remarkable deviations are sometimes found .

The See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key to the chronology is i Kings vi. t, which, as See also:

• WELLHAUSEN, JULIUS (1844— )

Wellhausen has shown, was not found in the original Septuagint, and contains See also:

• INTERNAL

internal evidence of See also:

• POST

post-Chaldean date . In fact the See also:

• SYSTEM

system as a whole is necessarily later than 535 B.c., the fixed point from which it See also:

• COUNTS

counts back, and although the See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers for the duration of the reigns may be based upon See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early sources, the synchronisms appear to have been inserted at a much later stage in the history of the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text . (b) Another aspect in the redaction may be called theological . Its characteristic is the retrospective application to the history of a See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard belonging to the later developments of Old Testament See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . Thus the redactor regards the sins of Jeroboam as the real cause of the downfall of Israel (2 Kings xvii . 21 seq.), and passes an unfavourable See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment upon all its rulers, not merely to the effect that they did evil in the sight of Yahweh but that they followed in the way of Jeroboam . But his See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion was manifestly not shared by See also:

• ELIJAH (a Hebrew name meaning " Yah[weh] is God ")

Elijah or See also:

• ELISHA (a Hebrew name meaning " God is deliverance ")

Elisha, nor by the original narrator of the lives of these prophets . Moreover, the redactor in i Kings iii . 2 seq. regards worship at the high places as sinful after the See also:

• BUILDING

building of the Temple, although even the best kings before See also:

• HEZEKIAH (Heb. for " [my] strength is [of] Yah ")

Hezekiah made no See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to suppress these shrines . This feature in the redaction displays itself not only in occasional comments or homiletical excursuses, but in that See also:

• PART

part of the narrative in which all See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient historians allowed themselves free See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope for the development of their reflections—the speeches placed in the mouths of actors in the history . Here also there is often textual evidence that the theological See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element is somewhat loosely attached to the earlier narrative and underwent successive additions . Consequently it is necessary to distinguish between the older sources and the See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar setting in which the history has been placed; between earlier records and that specific See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General colouring which, from its See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity to Deuteronomy structure. and to other portions of the Old Testament which appear to have been similarly treated under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of its teaching, may be conveniently termed " Deuteronomistic." For his sources the compiler refers chiefly to two distinct See also:

• WORKS

works, the " words " or " See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

chronicles " of the kings of Israel and those of the kings of Judah .

Precisely how much is copied from these works and how much has been expressed in the compiler's own See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language is of course uncertain . It is found on inspection that the present history consists usually of an See also:

• EPITOME
• EPITOME (Gr. lircroui, from isrLTEµveW, to cut short)

epitome of each reign . It states the king's See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age at See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession (so Judah only), length of reign, death and burial, with allusions to his buildings, See also:

• WARS

wars, and other See also:

• POLITICAL

political events.' In the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of Judah, also, the name of the royal or See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen-See also:

• MOTHER

mother is specifically mentioned . The references to the respective "chronicles," made as though they were still accessible, are wanting in the case of See also:

• JEHORAM, or JORAM (Heb. " Yah[weh] is high ")

Jehoram and See also:

• HOSHEA (Heb. for " deliverance ")

Hoshea of Israel, and of Solomon, See also:

• AHAZIAH (" he whom Yahweh sustains ")

Ahaziah, See also:

• ATHALIAH

Athaliah, Jehoahaz, Jehoiachin and See also:

• ZEDEKIAH (Hebrew for " righteousness of Yah[weh] ")

Zedekiah of Judah . But for Solomon the authority cited, " book of the acts of Solomon " (1 Kings xi . 41), presumably presupposes Judaean chronicles, and the remaining cases preserve details of an annalistic character . Moreover, distinctive annalistic material is found for the Israelite kings See also:

• SAUL (Heb. shd'ul, " asked ")

Saul and Ishbosheth in 1 Sam, xiii . 1; xiv . 47–51; 2 Sam. ii . 8--'oa (including even their age at accession), and for David in 2 Sam. ii . '' and parts of v. and viii . The use which the compiler makes of his sources shows that his aim was not the history of the past but its religious significance .

It is rare that even qualified praise is bestowed upon the kings of Israel (Jehoram, 2 Kings iii . 2; See also:

• JEHU

Jehu x . 3o; Hoshea xvii . 2) . Kings of great historical importance are treated with extreme • brevity (See also:

• OMRI

Omri, Jeroboam (2), See also:

• UZZIAH (Heb. for " Yah[weh] is [my] strength ")

Uzziah), and similar meagreness of historical See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information is apparent when the editorial details and the religious judgments are eliminated from the accounts of Nadab, Baasha, and the successors of Jeroboam (2) in Israel or of Abijam and See also:

• MANASSEH (7th cent. B.C.)
• MANASSEH (apparently Hebrew for " he who causes to for-get," but see H. W. Hogg, Encyc. Bib., s.v.); in the Bible, a tribe of Israel, the elder but less important of the "sons" of Joseph. Its seat lay to the north of Ephraim, but its boundaries can scarce

Manasseh in Judah . To gain a more exact See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the character of the book we may See also:

• DIVIDE

divide the history into three sections: (I) the life of Solomon, (2) the kingdoms of See also:

• EPHRAIM

Ephraim (or Samaria)' and Solomon . Judah, and (3) the separate history of Judah after the fall of Samaria . I . Solomon.—The events which See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead up • to the death of David and the accession of Solomon(' Kings i., ii.) are closely connected with 2 Sam. ix.–xx . The unity is broken by the appendix 2 Sam. xxi. xxi.–See also:

• XXIV

xxiv. which is closely connected, as regards general subject-See also:

• MATTER

matter, with ibid. v.–viii.; the literary questions depend largely upon the structure of the books of Samuel (q.v.) . It is evident, at least, that either the compiler See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew upon other sources for' the occasion and has been remarkably brief elsewhere, or that his epitomes have been supplemented by the later insertion of material not necessarily itself of See also:

• LATE

late origin . At present 1 Kings i., ii- are both the close of David's life (no source is cited) and the necessary introduction to Solomon .

But See also:

• LUCIAN (d. 312)
• LUCIAN [Aowaavos] (c. A.D. 120-180)

Lucian's recension of the Septuagint (ed . See also:

• LAGARDE, PAUL ANTON DE (1827–1891)

Lagarde), as also Josephus, begin the book at ii . 12, thus separating the annalistic accounts of the two . Since the contents of Kings iii.–xi. do not form a continuous narrative, the compiler's authority (" Acts of S." xi . 41) can hardly have been an See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

chronicle . The chapters comprise (a) sundry notices of the king's prosperous and peaceful career, severed by (b) a description of the Temple and other buildings; and they See also:

• CON

con- clude with (c) some account of the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external troubles which prove to have unsettled the whole of his reign . After an introduction (iii.), a contains generalizing statements of Solomon's might, See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom (iv . 20 seq., 25, 29–34; X . 23–25, 27) and stories of a distinctly late and popular character (iii . 16–28, X . 1–10, 13) . The present lack of unity can in some cases be remedied by the Septuagint, which offers many deviations from the Hebrew text; this feature together with the present form of ' Cp. the brief annalistic form of the Babylonian chronicles (for a specimen, see C .

F . See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent, Israel's Hist. and Biog . Narratives, p . 502 seq.) . For a synchronistic history of See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria and Babylonia, prepared for See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic purposes, see See also:

• SCHRADER, EBERHARD (1836-1908)

Schrader's Keilinschr . Bibl. i . 194 sqq . ; also L . W . King, Studies in Eastern Hist. i- (Tukulti-See also:

• NINIB

Ninib), pp . I, 75 seq . (with interesting variant traditions) .

2 The See also:

• TERM

term " Israel " as applied to the northern kingdom is See also:

• APT

apt to be ambiguous, since as a general See also:

• NATIONAL

national name, with a religious significance, it can include or suggest the inclusion of Judah . the parallel texts in Chronicles will exemplify the persistence of fluctuation to a late See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period (4th–2nd cent . B.C.) . Thus iii . 2 seq. cannot be by the same hand as v . 4, and v . 2 is probably a later Deut. See also:

• GLOSS, GLOSSARY

gloss upon v . 3 (earlier Deut.), which represents the compiler's view and (on the See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy of the framework) comes closely after ii . I2.' Ch. iii. can scarcely be severed from ix . '6, and in the Septuagint they appear in iv. in the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order: iv . 1–19 (the See also:

• OFFICERS

officers), 27 seq . (their duties), 22–24 (the daily See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision), 29–34 (Solomon's reputation), iii .

1; ix. i6–17a (See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt); iv . 20 seq . 25 are of a generalizing character and recur in the Septuagint with much supplementary matter in ii . Ch. iv . 26 is naturally related to x . 26 (cf . 2 Chron. i . 14) and takes its See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in Lucian's recension (cf . 2 Chron. ix . 25) . There is considerable variation again in ix . 'o–x .

29, and the order ix . 10-14,'26-28, X . 1-22 (so partly Septuagint) has the See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of recording continuously Solomon's dealings with Hiram . The intervening verses belong to a class of floating notices (in a very unnatural order) which seem to have got stranded almost by See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance at different points in the two recensions; contrast also 2 Chron. viii . Solomon's preliminary arrangements with Hiram in ch. v. have been elaborated to emphasize the importance of the Temple (vv . 3-5, cf . 2 Sam. vii.) ; further difficulty is caused by the relation between 13 seq. and 15 seq . (see 2 Chron- ii . 17 seq.) and between both of these and ix . 20 seq. xi . 28 . The account of the royal buildings now sandwiched in between the related fragments of a is descriptive rather than narrative, and the accurate details might have been obtained by actual observation of the Temple at a date long subsequent to Solomon .

It is not all due to a single hand: Ch. vi . 11–14 (with several late phrases) break the connexion and are omitted by the Septuagint; vv . 15–22, now untranslatable, appear in a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple and intelligible form in the Septuagint . The account of the See also:

• DEDICATION (Lat. dedicatio, from dedicare, to proclaim, to announce)

dedication contains many signs of a late date; viii . 14–53, 54-61 are due to a Deuteronomic writer, and that they are an expansion of the older narrative (vv . 1–13) is suggested by the fact that the ancient fragment, vv . 12, 13 (imperfect in the Hebrew) appears in the Septuagint after v . 53 in completer form and with a reference to the book of See also:

• JASHAR, BOOK OF

Jashar as source (,BifXiov -nits ciSits -wen (true) 7aa ), The redactional insertion displaced it in one recension and led to its See also:

• MUTILATION (from Lat. mutilus, maimed)

mutilation in the other . With viii . 27–30, cf. generally Isa. xl.–lvi.; vv . 44–51 presuppose the exile, vv . 54–61 are wanting in Chron., and even the older parts of this See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter have also been retouched in conformity with later (even post-exilic) See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual and See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law .

The See also:

• LEVITES

Levites who appear at v . 4 in contrast to the priests, in a way unknown to the pre-exilic history, are not named in the Septuagint, which also omits the post-exilic term See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

congregation " (Walt) in v . 5 . There is a eeneral similarity of subject with Deut. See also:

• XXVIII

xxviii . ' The account of the-end of Solomon's reign deals with (a) his religious laxity (xi . 1–13, now in a Deuteronomic form), as the See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment for which the separation of the two kingdoms is announced; and (b) the rise of the adversaries who, according to xi . 25, had troubled the whole of his reign, and therefore cannot have been related originally as the See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty for the sins of his old age . Both, however, form an introduction to subsequent events, and the life of Solomon concludes with a brief annalistic See also:

• NOTICE

notice of his death, length of reign, successor, and place of burial . (See further SOLOMON.) - II . Ephraim and Judah.—In the history of the two kingdoms the redactor follows a fixed scheme determined, as has been seen, by the order of succession . The fluctuation of tradition concerning the circumstances of the TheDlvided See also:

• SCHISM

schism is evident from a comparison with the Kingdom Septuagint, and all that is related of Ahijah falls under suspicion of being foreign to the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest history.4 The See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of the See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of See also:

• GOD

God from Judah (xiii.) is shown to be late by its general See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone (conceptions of prophetism and See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation),' and by the term " cities of Samaria " (v . 32, for Samaria as a See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, cf .

2 Kings xvii . 24, 26; for the building of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city by Omri see 1 Kings xvi . 24) . It is a late Judaean narrative inserted after the Deuteronomic redaction, and ' Here and elsewhere a careful study (e.g. of the marginal references in the Revised Version) will prove the close relation between the " Deuteronomic " passages and the book of Deuteronomy itself . The bearing of this upon the traditional date of that book. should not be overlooked . 4 See See also:

• ART

art . JEROBOAM; also W . R . See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, Old Test. in See also:

• JEW, THE WANDERING

Jew . See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, pp . 117 sqq . ; H .

Winckler, Alttest . Untersuchungen, pp . 1 sqq., and the, subsequent criticisms by C . F . See also:

• BURNEY, CHARLES (1726-1814)

Burney (Kings, pp . 163 sqq.); J . See also:

• SKINNER, JAMES (1778-1841)
• SKINNER, JOHN (1721-1807)

Skinner (Kings, pp . 443 sqq.) ; and Ed . See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer (Israeliten u . Nachbarstdmme, pp . 357 sqq.) . 5 Notice should everywhere be taken of those prophetical stories which have the linguistic features of the Deuteronomic writers, or which differ in style and expression from the prophecies of See also:

• AMOS
• AMOS, SHELDON (1835–1886)

Amos, See also:

• HOSEA

Hosea and others, previous to See also:

• JEREMIAH

Jeremiah .

breaks the connexion between xii . 31 and xiii . 33 seq . The latter describe the idolatrous worship instituted by the first king of the schismatic north, and the religious attitude occurs regularly throughout the compiler's epitome, however brief the reigns of the kings . In the account of Nadab, xv . 25 seq., 29b, 30 seq. are certainly the compiler's, and the synchronism in v . 28 must also be editorial; xv . 32 (Septuagint omit) and 16 are duplicates leading up to the Israelite and Judaean accounts of Baasha respectively . But xv . 33-xvi . 7 contains little annalistic information, and the prophecy in xvi . 1-4 is very similar to xiv .

7-11, which in turn breaks the connexion between vv . 6 and 12 . Ch. xvi . 7 is a duplicate to vv . 1-4 and out of place; the Septuagint inserts it in the middle of v . 8 . The brief reign of Elah preserves an important entract in xvi . 9, but the date in v . Ioa (LXX. omits) presupposes the late finished chronological scheme . Zimri's seven days receive the inevitable condemnation, but the older material embedded in the framework (xvi . 15b-18) is closely connected with v . 9 and is continued in the non-editorial portions of Omri's reign (xvi .

21 seq., length of reign in V . 23, and v . 24) . The achievements of Omri to which the editor refers can fortunately be gathered from external sources (see Oanu) . Under Omri's son See also:

• AHAB (in Heb. 'ah'(ib, " father's brother ")

Ahab the separate kingdoms converge . Next, as to Judah: the vivid account of the accession of See also:

• REHOBOAM (Heb. re)zab`am, probably " the clan is en-'arged," see Ecclus. xlvii. 23, although on the analogy of Rehabiah and Bab. ra'bi-ilu, `Am may represent some god; Septuagint reads po(3oa,u)

Rehoboam in xii . 1-16 is reminiscent of the full narratives in 2 Sam. ix.-xx.; 1 Kings i., ii . (cf. especially v . 16 with 2 Sam. xx . I); xii . 15b refers to the prophecy of Ahijah (see above), and " unto this See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day," v . 19, cannot be by a contemporary author.; v .

17 (LXX. omits) finds a parallel in 2 Chron. xi . 16 seq., and could represent an Ephraimite standpoint . The Judaean standpoint is prominent in vv . 21-24, where (a) the inclusion of See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin and (b) the cessation of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war (at the command of Shemaiah) conflict with (a) xi . 31, 36, xii . 20 and (b) xiv . 30 respectively . Rehoboam's history, resumed by the redactor in xiv . 21-24, continues with a brief account of the spoiling of the Temple and See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace by Sheshonk (Shishak) . (The incident appears in 2 Chron. xii. in a rather different context, before the details which now precede v . 21 seq.) The reign of Abijam is entirely due to the editor, whose brief statement of the war in xv . 7b is supplemented by a lengthy story in 2 Chron. xiii .

(where the name is See also:

• ABIJAH (Heb. Abiyyah and Abiyyahu, "Yah is. father")

Abijah) . Ch. xv . 5b (last clause) and v . 6 are omitted by the Septuagint, the former is a unique gloss (see 2 Sam. xi. seq.), the latter is a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere repetition of xiv . 30; with xv . 2 cf. v. to . The account of Asa's long reign contains a valuable See also:

• SUMMARY

summary of his war with Baasha, xv . 16-22; the isolated v . 15 is quite obscure and is possibly related to v . 18 (but cf. vii . 51) . His successor See also:

• JEHOSHAPHAT (Heb. " Yahweh judges ")

Jehoshaphat is now dealt with completely in xxii .

41-50 after the death of Ahab; but the Septuagint, which follows a different chronological scheme (placing his accession in the reign of Omri), gives the summary (with some See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations) after xvi . 28 . Another See also:

• LIGHT

light is thrown upon the incomplete annalistic fragments (xxii . 44, 47-49) by 2 Chron. xx . 35-37: the friendship between Judah and Israel appears to have been displeasing to the redactor of Kings . The history of the few years between the close of Ahab's life and the accession of Jehu covers about one-third of the Ephraim entire book of Kings . This is due to the incluham Ahab See also:

• SION [Ger. Sitten]

sion of a number of narratives which are partly of to Jehu. a political character, and partly are interested in the work of contemporary prophets . The See also:

• CLIMAX, JOHN (c. 525–600 A.D.)

climax is reached in the overthrow of Omri's See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty by the usurper Jehu, when, after a period of close intercourse between Israel and Judah, its two kings perished . The See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals of each kingdom would naturally See also:

• DEAL

deal independently with these events, but the present literary structure of 1 Kings xvii.-2 Kings xi. is extremely complicated by the presence of the narratives referred to . First as regards the framework, the epitome of Ahab is preserved in xvi . 29-34 and xxii . 39; it contains some unknown references (his See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house and cities), and a stern religious judgment upon his Phoenician alliance, on which the intervening chapters throw more light .

The colourless summary of his son Ahaziah (xxii . 51-53)1 finds its conclusion in 2 Kings i . 17 seq. where v . 18 should precede the accession of his See also:

• BROTHER

brother Jehoram (v . 17b) . Jehoram is again introduced in iii . 1-3 (See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note the variant synchronism), but the usual conclusion is wanting . In Judah, Jehoshaphat was succeeded by his son Jehoram, who had married Athaliah the daughter of Ahab and See also:

• JEZEBEL (Heb. i-zebel, perhaps an artificial form to suggest " un-exalted," a divine name or its equivalent would naturally be expected instead of the first syllable)

Jezebel (viii . 16-24); to the annalistic details (vv . 20-22) 2 Chron. xxi . 11 sqq. adds a novel narrative . His son Ahaziah (viii .

25 sqq.) is similarly denounced for his relations with Israel . He is again introduced in the isolated ix . 29, while Lucian's recension adds after x . 36 a variant summary of his reign but without the See also:

• REGULAR

regular introduction . Further confusion appears in the Septuagint, which inserts after i . 18 (Jehoram of Israel) a notice corresponding to iii . 1-3, and concludes " and the anger of the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord was kindled against the house of Ahab." This would be appropriate in a position nearer ix. seq. where the deaths of Jehoram and Ahaziah are described . These and other examples of serious disorder in the framework may be associated with the literary features of the narratives of Elijah and Elisha . Of the more detailed narratives those that deal with the northern kingdom are scarcely Judaean (see Kings xix . 3), and they do not criticize Elijah's work, as the Judaean compiler denounces the whole history of the north . But they are plainly not of one origin . To supplement the articles ELIJAH and ELISHA, it is to be noticed that the account of Naboth's death in the history of Elijah (1 Kings xxi.) differs in details from that in the history of Elisha and Jehu (2 Kings ix.), and the latter more precise narrative presupposes events recorded in the extant accounts of Elijah but not these events themselves .

In r Kings xx., xxii . 1–28 (xxi. follows xix. in the LXX.) Ahab is viewed rather more favourably than in the Elijah-narratives (xix., xxi.) or in the compiler's summary . Ch. xxii . 6, moreover, proves that there is some exaggeration in xviii . 4, 13; the great contest between Elijah and the king, between Yahweh and See also:

• BAAL

Baal, has been idealized . The denunciation of Ahab in xx . 35–43 has some notable points of contact with xiii. and seems to be a supplement to the preceding incidents . Ch. xxii. is important for its ideas of prophetism (especially vv . 19–23; cf . Ezek. xiv . 9; 2 Sam. xxiv. gI n contrast to I Chron. xxi . I]) ; a gloss at the end of v .

28, omitted by the Septuagint, wrongly identifies Micaiah with the well-known See also:

• MICAH
• MICAH (r )

Micah (i . 2) . Although the punishment passed upon Ahab in xxi . 20 sqq.(2ob-26 betray the compiler's hand; cf. xiv . 10 seq.) is modified in v . 29, this is ignored in the account of his death, xxii . 38, which takes place at Samaria (see below) . The See also:

• EPISODE

episode of Elijah and Ahaziah (2 Kings i.) is marked by the revelation through an See also:

• ANGEL

angel . The See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet's name appears in an unusual form (viz. eliyyah, not -yahu), especially in vv . 2-8 . The prediction of Ahaziah's See also:

• FATE

fate finds a parallel in 2 Chron. xxi . 12–15; the more supernatural additions have been compared with the late story in I Sam. xix .

18-24 . The See also:

• ASCENSION
• ASCENSION, FEAST OF THE

ascension of Elijah (2 Kings ii.) is related as the introduction to the work of Elisha, which apparently begins before the death of Jehoshaphat (see iii . 1, it sqq . ; contrast 2 Chron. loc. cit.) . Among the stories of Elisha are some which find him at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the prophetic See also:

• GILDS, or GUILDS

gilds (iv . 1, 38–44, vi . I–7), whilst in others he has friendly relations with the " king of Israel " and the court . As a personage of almost superhuman dignity he moves in certain narratives where political records appear to have been utilized to describe the activity of the prophets . The Moabite See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign (iii.) concerns a revolt already referred to in the isolated i . I ; there are See also:

• PARALLELS

parallels with the story of Jehoshaphat and Ahab (iii . 7, 11 seq . ; cf .

I Kings xxii . 4 seq., 7 sqq.), contrast, however, xxii . 7 (where Elijah is not even named) and iii . I I seq . But Jehoshaphat's death has been already recorded (1 Kings xxii . 50), and, while Lucian's recension in 2 Kings iii. reads Ahaziah, i . 17 presupposes the accession of the Judaean Jehoram . Other political narratives may under-See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie the stories of the Aramaean wars; with vi . 24–vii . 20 (after the See also:

• COMPLETE

complete cessation of hostilities in vi . 23)compare the general style of I Kings xx., xxii . ; with the See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine in Samaria,vi .

25 ; cf. ibid. xvii . ; with the victory, cf. ibid. xx . The account of Elisha and Hazael (viii . 7–15) implies friendly relations with See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus (in v . 12 the terrors of war are in the future), but the description of Jehu's accession (ix.) is in the midst of hostilities . Ch. ix . 7–1oa are a Deuteronomic insertion amplifying the See also:

• MESSAGE (a word occurring in slightly different forms in several languages, e.g. Fr. message, Span. mensaje, Ital. messagio; adapted from the Low Lat. missaticum, from mittere)

message in vv . 3–6 (cf . I Kings xxi . 20 seq.) . The origin of the repetition in ix . I4–15a (cf. viii .

28 seq.) is not clear . The See also:

• ORACLE (Lat. oraculum, from ora' to pray; the corresponding Greek word is uavreiov or Xpnuri7pwov)

oracle in ix . 25 seq. is not that in I Kings xxi . 19 seq., and mentions the additional detail that Naboth's sons were slain . Here his See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field or portion is located near See also:

• JEZREEL (Heb. " God sows ")

Jezreel, but in i Kings xxi . 18 his vineyard is by the royal palace in Samaria (cf. xxii . 38 and contrast xxi . I, where the LXX. omits reference to Jezreel) . This fluctuation re-appears in 2 Kings x . 1, II seq., and 17; in ix . 27 compared with 2 Chron. xxii . 9; and in the singular duplication of an historical incident, viz. the war against the Aramaeans at Ramoth-See also:

• GILEAD (i.e. " hard " or " rugged," a name sometimes used, both in earlier and in later writers, to denote the whole of the territory occupied by the Israelites eastward of Jordan, extending from the Arnon to the southern base of Hermon (Dent. xxxiv. 1; J

Gilead (a) by Jehoshaphat and Ahab, and (b) by Ahaziah and Jehoram, in each 1 The division of the two books at this point is an innovation first made in the LXX. and See also:

• VULGATE (from Lat. vulgus, the common people)

Vulgate .

case with the death of the Israelite king, at Samaria and Jezreel respectively (see above and observe the See also:

• CONTRADICTION, PRINCIPLE OF (principium contradictionis)

contradiction in i Kings xxi . 29 and xxii . 38) . These and other critical questions in this See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section are involved with (a) the See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability that Elisha's work belongs rather to the accession of Jehu, with whose dynasty he was on most intimate terms until his death some forty-five years later (2 Kings xiii . 14–21), and (b) the problem of the wars between Israel and See also:

• SYRIA

Syria which appear to have begun only in the time of Jehu (x . 32) . See Jew . Quart . Rev . (1908), pp . 597-630, and See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

JEws: History, § 11 seq . In the annals of Jehu's dynasty the editorial introduction to Jehu himself is wanting (x .

32 sqq.), although Lucian's recension in x . 36 concludes in annalistic manner Judah . The summary mentions the beginning of the Aramaean wars, the continuation of which is found in the redactor's account of his successor Jehoahaz (xiii . 1-9) . But xiii . 4-6 modify the disasters, and by pointing to the " saviour " or deliverer (cf . Judg. iii . 9, 15) anticipate xiv . 27 . The self-contained account of his son Jehoash (xiii . 10–13) is supplemented (a) by the story of the death of Elisha (vv . 14-21) and (b) by some account of the Aramaean wars (vv .

22-25), where v . 23, like vv . 4-6 (Lucian's recension actually reads it after v . 7), is noteworthy for the sympathy towards the northern kingdom . Further (c) the defeat of Amaziah of Judah appears in xiv . 8-14 after the annals of Judah, although from an Israelite source (v. See also:

• LIB

lib Bethshemesh defined as belonging to Judah, see also v . 15, and with the repetition of the concluding statements in v . 15 seq., see xiii . 12 seq.) . These features and the transference of xiii . 12 seq. after xiii . 25 in Lucian's recension point to late See also:

• ADJUSTMENT (from late Lat. ad juxtare, derived from juxta, near, but early confounded with a supposed derivation from justus, right)

adjustment .

In Judaean history, Jehu's reform and the overthrow of Jezebel in the north (ix., x . 15-28) find their counterpart in the See also:

• MURDER

murder of Athaliah and the destruction of the temple of Baal in Judah (xi . 18) . Bltt the framework is incomplete . The editorial conclusion of the reign of Ahaziah, the introduction to that of Athaliah, and the sources for both are wanting . A lengthy Judaean document is incorporated detailing the accession of See also:

• JOASH, or JEHOASH (Heb. " Yahweh is strong, or bath given ")

Joash and the prominence of the abruptly introduced See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest Jehoiada . The interest in the Temple and temple-See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure is obvious; and both xi. and xii. have points of resemblance with xxii. seq . (see below and cf. also xi . 4, 7, ii, 19, with i Kings xiv . 27 seq.) . The usual epitome is found in xi . 21-xii .

3 (the age at accession should follow the synchronism, so Lucian), with fragments of annalistic matter in xii . 17–21 (another version in 2 Chron. xxiv . 23 sqq.) . For Joash's son Amaziah see above; xiv . 6 refers to Dent. xxiv . 16, and 2 Chron . See also:

• XXV

xxv . 5-16 replaces v . 7 by a lengthy narrative with some interesting details . See also:

• AZARIAH

Azariah or Uzziah is briefly summarized in xv. i-7, hence the notice in xiv . 22 seems out of place; perhaps the usual statements of Amaziah's death and burial (cf. xiv. lob, 22b), which were to be expected after v . 18, have been supplemented by the account of the See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion (vv .

19, 20a, 21).1 The chronological notes for the accession of Azariah imply different views of the history of Judah after the defeat of Amaziah; with xiv . 17, cf. xiii. io, xiv . 2, 23, but contrast xv. i, and again v . 8.2 The important reign of Jeroboam (2) is dismissed as briefly as that of Azariah (xiv . 23-29) . The end of the Aramaean war presupposed by v . 25 is supplemented by the sympathetic addition in v . 26 seq . (cf. xiii . 4 seq . 23) . Of his successors See also:

• ZECHARIAH

Zechariah, Shallum and See also:

• MENAHEM (Hebrew for " consoler ")

Menahem only the briefest records remain, now imbedded in the editorial framework (xv .

8-25) . The summary of Pekah (perhaps the same as Pekahiah, the confusion being due to the compiler) contains excerpts which form the continuation of the older material in v . 25 (cf. also vv. lo, 14, 16, 19, 20) . For an apparently similar adjustment of an earlier See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record to the framework see above on I Kings xv . 25-31, xvi . 8-25 . • The account of Hoshea's See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy (xv . 29 seq.) gives the Israelite version with which Tiglath-Pileser's own statement can now be compared . Two accounts of the fall of Samaria are given, one of which is under the reign of the contemporary Judaean ' Both xiv . 22 and xv . 5 presuppose See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

fuller records of which 2 Chron . See also:

• XXVI

xxvi .

6–7, 16–20 may represent merely later and less trustworthy versions . 2 See F . Riihl, Deutsche Zeit. f . Geschichtwissens. xii . 54 sqq . ; also JEWS: History, § 12 . Hezekiah (xvii . I-6, xviii . 9–12); the chronology is again intricate . Reflections on the disappearance of the northern kingdom appear in xvii . 7-23 and xviii . 12; the latter belongs to the Judaean history .

The former is composite; xvii . 21-23 (cf. v . 18) look back to the introduction of See also:

• CALF
• CALF, THE GOLDEN

calf-worship by Jeroboam (1), and agree with the compiler's usual standpoint; but vv . 19-20 include Judah and presuppose the exile . The remaining verses survey types of See also:

• IDOLATRY

idolatry partly of a general kind (vv . 9-12, 16a), and partly characteristic of Judah in the last years of the monarchy (vv. x6b, 17) . The brief account of the subsequent history of Israel in xvii . 24-41 is not from one source, since the piety of the new settlers (v . 32-34a, 41) conflicts with the later point of view in 34b-4o . The last-mentioned supplements the eqilogue in xvii . 7-23, forms a See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn conclusion to the history of the northern kingdom, and is apparently aimed at the See also:

• SAMARITANS

Samaritans . the former but replaces the latter by other not unrelated details (see UZZIAH) .

But xv . 37 is resumed afresh in the account of the reign of See also:

• AHAZ (Heb. for "[Yahweh] holds ")

Ahaz (xvi . 5 sqq.; the text in v . 6 is confused)—another version in 2 Chron. xxviii . 5 sqq . —and is supplemented by a description, evidently from the Temple records, in which the ritual innovations by " king Ahaz " (in contrast to " Ahaz " alone in vv . 5-9) are described (vv. to-18) . There is further variation of detail in 2 Chron. xxviii . 20-27 . The summary of Hezekiah (xviii . 1-8) emphasizes his important religious reforms (greatly See also:

• EXPANDED

expanded in 2 Chron. See also:

• XXIX

xxix. seq. from a later standpoint), and includes two references to his military achievements . Of these v .

8 is ignored in Chron., and v . 7 is supplemented by (a) the annalistic See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract in vv . 13-16, and (b) narratives in which the great contemporary prophet See also:

• ISAIAH
• ISAIAH, ASCENSION OF

Isaiah is the central figure . The latter are later than Isaiah himself (xix . 37 refers to 681 B.C.) and reappear, with some See also:

• ABBREVIATION (Lat. brevis, short)

abbreviation and rearrangement, in Isa. See also:

• XXXVI

xxxvi.-xxxix . (see ISAIAH) . They are partly duplicate (cf. xix . 7 with vv . 28, 33; vv . 10–13 with xviii . 28–35), and consist of two portions, xviii. x7-xix.8 (Isa. xxxvi . 2-See also:

• XXXVII

xxxvii .

8) and xix . 9b-35 (Isa. xxxvii . 9b-36); to which of these xix. ga and v . 36 seq. belong is disputed . 2 Chron. xxxii . (where these accounts are condensed) is in general agreement with 2 Kings xviii . 7, as against vv . 14-16 . The poetical fragment, xix . 21-28, is connected with the sign in vv . 29-31; both seem to break the connexion between xix . 20 and 3 2 sqq .

See also:

• CHAP

Chap, xx . 1-19 appears to belong to an earlier period in Hezekiah's reign (see v . 6 and cf . 2 Chron. xxxii . 25 seq.); with vv . 1–11 note carefully the forms in Isa. xxxviii . 1–8, 21 seq., and 2 Chron. xxxii . 24-26; with xx . 12-19 (Isa. xxxix) contrast the brief allusion in 2 Chron. xxxii . 31 . In v . 17 seq. the exile is foreshadowed .

Use has probably been made of a late See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

cycle of Isaiah-stories; such a work is actually mentioned in 2 Chron. xxxii . 32 . The accounts of the reactionary kings Manasseh and Amon, although now by the compiler, give some reference to political events (see xxi . 17, 23 seq.); xxi . 7-15 refer to the exile and find a parallel in See also:

• XXIII

xxiii . 26 seq., and xxi. to sqq. are replaced in 2 Chron. xxxiii . 10-20 by a novel record of Manasseh's penitence (see also ibid. v . 23 and note omission of 2 Kings xxiii . 26 from Chron) . Josiah's reign forms the climax of the history . The usual framework (xxii . 1; 2, xxiii .

28, 3ob) is supplemented by narratives dealing with the Temple See also:

• REPAIRS (from Lat. reparare, to make ready again)

repairs and the reforms of Josiah . These are closely related to xi. seq . (cf. xxii . 3-7 with xii . 4 sqq.), but show many signs of revision; xxii . 16 seq., xxiii . 26 seq., point distinctly to the exile, and xxiii . 16-2o is an insertion (the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar in v . 16 is already destroyed in v . 15) after 1 Kings xiii . But it is difficult elsewhere to distinguish safely between the original records and the later additions . In their present shape the reforms of Josiah are described in terms that point to an acquaintance with the teaching of Deuteronomy which promulgates the reforms themselves.' ' See further the See also:

• SPECIAL

special study by E .

Day, Journ . Bib . Lit . (1902), pp . 197 sqq . Dynasty the lives of Jehoram of Israel and Ahaziah of of Jehu . The annalist c notice in xxiii . 29 seq . (contrast xxii . 20) should precede v . 28; 2 Chron. See also:

• XXXV

xxxv . 20–27 gives another version in the correct position and ignores 2 Kings xxiii .

24-27 (see however the Septuagint) . For the last four kings of Judah, the references to the worship at the high places (presumably abolished by Josiah) are wanting, and the literary source is only cited for See also:

• JEHOIAKIM (Heb. " Yahweh] raiseth up ")

Jehoiakim; xxiv . 3 seq . (and probably v . 2), which treat the fall of Judah as the punishment for Manasseh's sins, are a Deuteronomistic insertion (2 Chron. xxxvi . 6 sqq. differs widely; see, however, the Septuagint) ; V . 13 seq. and v . 15 seq. are duplicates . With xxiv . 18–xxv . 21 cf . Jer .

1-27 (the text of the latter, especially vv . 19 sqq. is See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior) : and the fragments ibid. xxxix . 1–io . Ch. xxv . 22–26 appears in much fuller form in Jer. xl. seq . (see xl . 7–9, xli. t–3, 17 seq.) . It is note-worthy that Jeremiah does not enter into the history in Kings (contrast Isaiah above) . The book of Chronicles in general has a briefer account of the last years, and ignores both the narratives which also appear in Jeremiah and the concluding hopeful note struck by the restoration of Jehoiachin (xxv . 27–3o) . This last, with the addition of statistical data, forms the present conclusion also of the book of Jeremiah . Conclusions.—A survey of these narratives as a whole strengthens our impression of the merely mechanical character of the redaction by which they are See also:

• UNITED

united .

Though editors have written something of their own in alrnost every chapter, generally from the standpoint of religious See also:

• PRAGMATISM

pragmatism, there is not the least attempt to work the materials into a history in our sense of the word; and in particular the northern and See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern histories are practically independent, being merely pieced together in a sort of See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic in consonance with the chronological system, which we have seen to be really later than the main redaction . It is very probable that the order of the pieces was considerably readjusted by the author of the chronology; of this indeed the Septuagint still shows traces . But with all its imperfections as judged from a modern standpoint, the redaction has the great merit of preserving material nearer to the actual history than would have been the case had narratives been rewritten from much later standpoints—as often in the book of Chronicles . Questions of date and of the growth of the literary process are still unsettled, but it is clear that there was an independent history of (north) Israel with its own chronological scheme . It was based upon annals and fuller political records, and at some period apparently passed through circles where the purely domestic stories of the prophets (Elisha) were current.' This was ultimately taken over by a Judaean editor who was under the influence of the far-reaching reforms ascribed to the 18th year of Josiah (621 B.C.) . Certain passages seem to imply that in his time the Temple was still See also:

• STANDING

standing and the Davidic dynasty uninterrupted . Also the phrase " unto this day " sometimes apparently presupposes a pre-exilic date . On the other hand, the history is carried down to the end of Jehoiachin's life (xxv . 27 refers to his fifty-fifth year, vv . 29 seq. look back on his death), and a number of allusions point decisively to the post-exilic period . Consequently, most scholars are agreed that an original pre-exilic Deuteronomic compilation made shortly after Josiah's reforms received subsequent additions from a later Deuteronomic writer . These questions depend upon several intricate literary and historical problems .

At the outset (a) the compiler deals with history from the Deuteronomic standpoint, selecting certain notices and referring further to separate chronicles of Israel and Judah . The canonical book of Chronicles refers to such a combined work, but is confined to Judah; it follows the religious judgment passed upon the kings, but it introduces new details apparently derived from extant annals, replaces the annalistic excerpts found in Kings by other passages, or uses new narratives which at times are clearly based upon older sources . Next (b) the Septuagint proves that Kings did not reach its present form until a very late date; " each represents a stage and not always the same stage in the long protracted labours of the redactors " (See also:

• KUENEN, ABRAHAM (1828-1891)

Kuenen).2 In agreement with this are the unambiguous indications of the post-exilic age (especially ' Cf. similarly the prophetic narratives in the books of Samuel (q.v.) . 2 " The LXX. of Kings is not a corrupt See also:

• REPRODUCTION

reproduction of the Hebrew receptus, but represents another recension of the text . Neither recension can claim absolute superiority . The defects of the LXX. lie on the See also:

• SURFACE

surface, and are greatly aggravated by the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek text, which has suffered much in transmission, and in the Judaean history) consisting of complete passages, obvious interpolations, and also sporadic phrases in narratives whose pre-exilic origin is sometimes clear and sometimes only to be presumed . Further (c), the Septuagint supports the independent conclusion that the elaborate synchronisms belong to a late stage in the redaction . Consequently it is necessary to allow that the previous arrangement of the material may have been different; the actual wording of the See also:

• INTRODUCTORY

introductory notices was necessarily also affected . In general, it becomes ever more difficult to distinguish between passages incorporated by an early redactor and those which may have been inserted later, though possibly from old sources . Where the regular framework is disturbed such considerations become more cogent . The relation of annalistic materials in 1 Sam . (xiii .

1; xiv . 47–51, &c.) to the longer detailed narratives will See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear upon the question, as also the relation of 2 Sam. ix-xx. to 1 Kings i. seq . (see SAMUEL, BOOKS oF) . Again (d) the lengths of the reigns of the Judaean kings form an integral part of the framework, and their See also:

• TOTAL

total, with fifty years of exile, allows four See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred and eighty years from the beginning of the Temple to the return from See also:

• BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon.' This See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round number (cf. again 1 Kings vi . 1) points to a date subsequent to 537, and See also:

• ROBERTSON, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816-1853)
• ROBERTSON, GEORGE CROOM (1842-1892)
• ROBERTSON, JOSEPH (1810-1866)
• ROBERTSON, THOMAS WILLIAM (1829-1871)
• ROBERTSON, WILLIAM BRUCE (182o-1886)

Robertson Smith has observed that almost all events dated by the years of the kings of Jerusalem have reference to the affairs of the Temple . This suggests a connexion between the chronology and the See also:

• INCORPORATION (from Lat. incorporare, to form into a body)

incorporation of those narratives in which the Temple is clearly the centre of interest . (e) But, apart from the question of the origin of the more detailed Judaean records, the arguments for a pre-exilic Judaean Deuteronomic compilation are not quite decisive . The phrase " unto this day " is not necessarily valid (cf . 2 Chron. v . 9, viii . 8, xxi. ro with 1 Kings viii . 8, ix .

21, 2 Kings viii . 22), and depends largely upon the compiler's sagacity . Also, the existence of the Temple and of the Davidic dynasty (1 Kings viii . 14–53; ix . 3; xi . 36–38; XV . 4; 2 Kings viii . 19; cf . 2 Chron. xiii . 5) is equally applicable to the time of the second temple when Zerubbabel, the Davidic representative, kindled new hopes and aspirations . Indeed, if the See also:

• OBJECT

object of the Deuteronomic compiler is to show from past history that " the sovereign is responsible for the purity of the national religion" (See also:

• MOORE, A
• MOORE, ALBERT JOSEPH (1841–1893)
• MOORE, EDWARD (1712–1757)
• MOORE, GEORGE (1853– )
• MOORE, GEORGE FOOT (1851– )
• MOORE, HENRY (1831–1895)
• MOORE, JOHN (1729-1802)
• MOORE, SIR JOHN (1761-1809)
• MOORE, THOMAS (1779-1852)

Moore, Ency . Bib. See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

col .

2079), a date somewhere after the death of Jehoiachin (released in 561) in the age of Zerubbabel and the new Temple equally satisfies the conditions . With this is concerned (f) the question whether, on historical grounds, the account of the introduction of Deuteronomic reforms by Josiah is trustworthy.' Moreover, although a twofold Deuteronomic redaction of Kings is generally recognized, the criteria for the presumably pre-exilic form are not so decisive as those which certainly distinguish the post-exilic portions, and it is frequently very difficult to assign Deuteronomic passages to the earlier rather than to the later . Again, apart from the contrast between the Israelite detailed narratives (relatively early) and those of Judaean origin (often secondary), it is noteworthy that the sympathetic treatment of northern history in 2 Kings xiii . 4 seq . 23, xiv . 26 has literary parallels in the Deuteronomic redaction of Judges (where Israelite tradition is again predominant), but is quite distinct from the hostile feeling to the north which is also Deuteronomic . Even the northern prophet Hosea (q.v.) approximates the Deuteronomic standpoint, and the possibility that the first Deuteronomic compilation of Kings could originate outside Judah is particularly has in many places been corrected after the later Greek versions that See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express the Hebrew receptus of the 2nd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century of our era . Yet the LXX. not only preserves many See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good readings in detail, but throws much light on the long-continued process of redaction at the hand of successive editors or copyists of which the extant Hebrew of Kings is the outcome . Even the false readings of the Greek are instructive, for both recensions were exposed to corrupting influences of precisely the same kind " (W . R . SMITH) . 3 See W .

R . Smith, Journ. of See also:

• PHILOLOGY

Philology, x . 209 sqq.; Prophets of Israel, p . 147 seq . ; and K . See also:

• MARTI, JUAN JOSE (157o?-1604)

Marti, Ency . Bib. art . " Chronology." ' Against earlier doubts by See also:

• HAVET, EUGENE AUGUSTE ERNEST (1813-1889)
• HAVET, JULIEN (PIERRE EUGLNE) (1853-1893)

Havet (1878), Vernes (1887) and See also:

• HORST

Horst (1888), see W . E . Addis, Documents of See also:

• HEXATEUCH

Hexateuch, ii . 2 sqq.; but the whole question has been reopened by E . Day (loc. cit. above) and R .

H . See also:

• KENNETT, WHITE (1660–1728)

Kennett (Journ . Theol . See also:

• STUD

Stud., See also:

• JULY

July 1906, 481 sqq.) . strengthened by the fact that an Israelite source could be See also:

• DRAWN

drawn upon for an impartial account of Judaean history (2 Kings xiv . 8-15) . Finally, (g) literary and historical problems here converge . Although Judaean writers ultimately rejected as See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen a See also:

• PEOPLE

people who could claim to be followers of Yahweh (See also:

• EZRA (from a Hebrew word meaning " help ")
• EZRA, FOURTH BOOK (or APOCALYPSE) OF
• EZRA, THIRD BOOK OF [I Esdras]

Ezra iv . 2; 2 Kings xvii . 28, 33; contrast ibid . 34-40, a secondary insertion), the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Samaritan feeling had previously been at most only in an incipient stage, and there is See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to infer that relations between the peoples of north and south had been closer.' The book of Kings reveals changing historical conditions in its literary features, and it is significant that the very age where the background is to be sought is that which has been (intentionally ?) left most obscure: the chronicler's history of the Judaean monarchy (Chron.—Ezra—See also:

• NEHEMIAH (Heb. for " Yah[weh] comforts ")

Nehemiah), as any comparison will show, has its own See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of the course of events, and has virtually superseded both Kings and Jeremiah, which have now an abrupt conclusion . (See further S .

A . See also:

• COOK
• COOK, ALBERT STANBURROUGH (1853– )
• COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829–1883)
• COOK, ELIZA (1818–1889)
• COOK, JAMES (1728-1779)
• COOK, THOMAS (1808-1892)

Cook, Jew . Quart . Rev . (1907), pp . 158 sqq.; and the articles JEWS: History, §§ 20, 22; PALESTINE: History) . KING'S See also:

• BENCH (an O.E. and Eng. form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Bank, Dan. baenk and the Eng. doublet " bank ")

BENCH, COURT OF, in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, one of the superior courts of common law . This court, the most ancient of See also:

• ENGLISH

English courts—in its correct legal See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title, " the court of the king before the king himself," See also:

• CORAM, THOMAS (1668–1751)

coram ipso rege—is far older than See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament itself, for it can be traced back clearly, both in character and the essence of its See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction, to the reign of King See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred . The king's bench, and the two offshoots of the aula regia, the common pleas and the See also:

• EXCHEQUER

exchequer, for many years possessed co-See also:

• ORDINATE

ordinate jurisdiction, although there were a few cases in which each had exclusive authority, and in point of dignity See also:

• PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence was given to the court of king's bench, the lord See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice of which was also styled lord chief justice of England, being the highest permanent See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge of the See also:

• CROWN

Crown . The court of exchequer attended to the business of the See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue, the common pleas to private actions between citizens, and the king's bench retained criminal cases and such other jurisdiction as had not been divided between the other two courts . By an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of 183o the court of exchequer chamber was constituted as a court of See also:

• APPEAL

appeal for errors in law in all three courts . Like the court of exchequer, the king's bench assumed by means of an ingenious fiction the jurisdiction in See also:

• CIVIL

civil matters which properly belonged to the common pleas .

Under the Judicature Act 1873 the court of king's bench be-came the king's bench division of the High Court of Justice . It consists of the lord chief justice and fourteen See also:

• PUISNE (from O. Fr. puisne, modern puine, later born, inferior; Lat. postea, afterwards, and natus, born)

puisne judges . It exercises original jurisdiction and also appellate jurisdiction from the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county courts and other inferior courts . By the act of 1873 (sec . 45) this appellate jurisdiction is conferred upon the High Court generally, but in practice it is exercised by a divisional court of the king's bench division only . The determination of such appeals by the High Court is final, unless leave to appeal is given by the court which heard the appeal or by the court of appeal . There was an exception to this See also:

• RULE

rule as regards certain orders of See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter sessions, the history of which involves some complication . But by sec . 1 (5) of the Court of Session Act 1894 the rule applies to all cases where there is a right of appeal to the High Court from any court or See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person . It maybe here mentioned that if leave is given to appeal to the court of appeal there is a further appeal to the House of Lords, except in See also:

• BANKRUPTCY (from Lat. bancus or Fr. banquet table or counter, and Lat. ruptus, broken)

bankruptcy ' See Kennett, Journ . Theol . Stud .

1905, pp . 169 sqq.; 1906, pp . 488 sqq.; and cf . J . A . See also:

• MONTGOMERY
• MONTGOMERY ( Tre' Faldwyn)
• MONTGOMERY, GABRIEL, SEIGNEUR DE LORGES, COMTE DE (c. 1530-1574)
• MONTGOMERY, JAMES (1771-1854)
• MONTGOMERY, ROBERT (1807-1855)

Montgomery, The Samaritans (1907), pp . 47, 53 seq., 57, 59, 61 sqq.(Bankruptcy Appeals (County Courts) Act 1884), when the decision of the court of appeal on appeal from a divisional court sitting in appeal is made final and conclusive . There are masters in the king's bench division . Unlike the masters in the See also:

• CHANCERY

chancery division, they have original jurisdiction, and are not attached to any particular judge . They hear applications in See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers, act as taxing masters and occasionally as referees to conduct inquiries, take accounts, and assess See also:

• DAMAGES (through O. Fr. damage, mod. Fr. dommage, from Lat. damnum, loss)

damages . There is an appeal from the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master to the judge in chambers . Formerly there was an appeal from the judge in chambers to a divisional court in every case and thence to the court of appeal, until the multiplication of appeals in small interlocutory matters became a See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal .

Under the Supreme Court of Judicature (Procedure) Act 1894 there is no right of appeal to the court of appeal in any interlocutory matters (except those mentioned in subs . (b) ) without the leave of the judge or of the court of appeal, and in matters of " practice and procedure " the appeal lies (with leave) directly to the court of appeal from the judge in chambers .