GUSTAV See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

ROBERT See also:

• GUSTAV ROBERT KIRCHHOFF (1824-1887)
• KIRCHHOFF, JOHANN WILHELM ADOLF (1826-1908)

KIRCHHOFF (1824-1887)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German physicist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• KONIGSBERG (Polish Krolewiec)

Konigsberg (See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia) on the 12th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1824, and was educated at the university of his native See also:

• TOWN

town, where he graduated Ph.D. in 1847 . After acting as privat-docent at See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, he became extraordinary See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of physics at See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau in 185o . Four years later he was appointed professor of physics at See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg, and in 1875 he was transferred to Berlin, where he died on the 17th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1887 . See also:

• KIRCHHOFF, GUSTAV ROBERT (1824-1887)
• KIRCHHOFF, JOHANN WILHELM ADOLF (1826-1908)

Kirchhoff's contributions to mathematical physics were numerous and important, his strength lying in his See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of stating a new See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical problem in terms of See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics, not merely in working out the See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution after it had been so formulated . A number of his papers were concerned with See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

electrical questions . One of the earliest was devoted to electrical See also:

• CONDUCTION, ELECTRIC

conduction in a thin See also:

• PLATE

plate, and especially in a circular one, and it also contained a theorem which enables the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of currents in a network of conductors to be ascertained . Another discussed conduction in curved sheets; a third the distribution of See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity in two influencing See also:

• SPHERES, MUSIC OF THE

spheres; a See also:

• FOURTH

fourth the deter-ruination of the See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant on which depends the intensity of induced currents; while others were devoted to See also:

• OHM, GEORG SIMON (1787-1854)

Ohm's See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, the See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion of electricity in submarine cables, induced See also:

• MAGNETISM
• MAGNETISM, TERRESTRIAL

magnetism, &c . In other papers, again, various See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous topics were treated—the thermal conductivity of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, crystal-See also:

• LINE

line reflection and See also:

• REFRACTION
• REFRACTION (Lat. refringere, to break open or apart)

refraction, certain propositions in the See also:

• THERMODYNAMICS (from Gr. Bepµos, hot, Siva trs, force)

thermodynamics of solution and See also:

• VAPORIZATION

vaporization, &c . An important See also:

• PART

part of his See also:

• WORK

work was contained in his Vorlesungen fiber mathematische Physik (1876), in which the principles of See also:

• DYNAMICS
• DYNAMICS (from Gr. bbvayts, strength)

dynamics, as well as various See also:

• SPECIAL

special problems, were treated in a somewhat novel and See also:

• ORIGINAL

original manner . But his name is best known for the researches, experimental and mathematical, in See also:

• RADIATION, THEORY OF

radiation which led him, in See also:

• COMPANY

company with R . W. von See also:

• BUNSEN, CHRISTIAN CHARLES JOSIAS, BARON VON (1791-186o,)
• BUNSEN, ROBERT WILHELM VON (1811-1899)

Bunsen, to the development of spectrum See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis as a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• SYSTEM

system in 1859-186o . He can scarcely be called its inventor, for not only had many investigators already used the See also:

• PRISM (Gr. rrpivµa, properly a thing sawn, Irpii"ety, to saw)

prism as an See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument of chemical inquiry, but considerable progress had been made towards the explanation of the principles upon which spectrum analysis rests .

But to him belongs the merit of having, most probably without knowing what had already been done, enunciated a complete See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its theory, and of thus having firmly established it as a means by which the chemical constituents of See also:

• CELESTIAL, OR STELLAR

celestial bodies can be discovered through the comparison of their spectra with those of the various elements that exist on this See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth .