See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

RICHARD See also:

• RICHARD KIRWAN (1733-1812)

KIRWAN (1733-1812)  , Irish scientist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Cloughballymore, Co . See also:

• GALWAY

Galway, in 1733 . See also:

• PART

Part of his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• LIFE

life was spent- abroad, and in 1754 he entered the Jesuit novitiate either at St Omer or at Hesdin, but returned to See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland in the following See also:

• YEAR

year, when he succeeded to the See also:

• FAMILY

family estates through the See also:

• DEATH

death of his See also:

• BROTHER

brother in a See also:

• DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

duel . In 1766, having conformed to the established See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion two years previously, he was called to the Irish See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar, but in 1768 abandoned practice in favour of scientific pursuits . During the next nineteen years he resided chiefly in See also:

• LONDON

London, enjoying the society of the scientific men living there, and corresponding with many savants on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, as his wide knowledge of See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages enabled him to do with ease . His experiments on the specific gravities and attractive See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of various saline substances formed a substantial contribution to the methods of See also:

• ANALYTICAL

analytical See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry, and in 1782 gained him the See also:

• COPLEY, JOHN SINGLETON (1737—1815)

Copley See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal from the Royal Society, of which he was elected a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow in 178o; and in 1784 he was engaged in a controversy with See also:

• CAVENDISH
• CAVENDISH, GEORGE (1500-1562?)
• CAVENDISH, HENRY (1731-1810)
• CAVENDISH, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1505-1557)

Cavendish in regard to the latter's experiments on See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air . In 1787 he removed to See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin, where four years later he became See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the Royal Irish See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy . To its proceedings he contributed some See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-eight See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs, dealing with See also:

• METEOROLOGY (Gr. JerEwpa, and hb'yos, i.e. the science of things in the air)

meteorology, pure and applied chemistry, See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology, See also:

• MAGNETISM
• MAGNETISM, TERRESTRIAL

magnetism, See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology, &c . One of these, on the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the globe and its subsequent See also:

• CATASTROPHE (Gr. Karaurpoch, from KaraQrp4ecv, to over-turn)

catastrophe, involved him in a lively dispute with the upholders of the Huttonian theory . His See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological See also:

• WORK

work was marred by an implicit belief in the universal See also:

• DELUGE, THE (through the Fr. from Lat. diluvium, flood, diluere, to wash away)

deluge, and through finding fossils associated with the See also:

• TRAP (0. Eng. treppe or traepee, properly a step, as that or which an animal places its foot and is caught, cf. Ger. Treppe flight of stairs)

trap rocks near See also:

• PORTRUSH

Portrush he maintained See also:

• BASALT

basalt was of aqueous origin . He was one of the last supporters in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England of the phlogistic See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis, for which he contended in his See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

Essay on Phlogiston and the Constitution of Acids (1787), identifying phlogiston with See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen . This work, translated by Madame See also:

• LAVOISIER, ANTOINE LAURENT (1743-1794)

Lavoisier, was published in See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French with See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical notes by Lavoisier and some of his associates; See also:

• KIRWAN, RICHARD (1733-1812)

Kirwan attempted to refute their arguments, but they proved too strong for him, and he acknowledged himself a convert in 1791 .

His other books included Elements of See also:

• MINERALOGY

Mineralogy (1784), which was the first systematic work on that subject in the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, and which See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long remained See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard; An Estimate of the Temperature of Different Latitudes (1787); Essay of the See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

Analysis of See also:

• MINERAL

Mineral See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

Waters (1799), and Geological Essays (1799) . In his later years he turned to philosophical questions, producing a See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper on human See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty in 1798, a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise *on See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic in 1807, and a See also:

• VOLUME

volume of metaphysical essays in 1811, none of any See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth . Various stories are told of his eccentricities as well as of his conversational powers . He died in Dublin in See also:

• JUNE

June 1812 .