MARTIN HEINRICH

See also:

• KLAPROTH, HEINRICH JULIUS (1783-1835)
• MARTIN HEINRICH KLAPROTH (1743-1817)

KLAPROTH (1743-1817)  , German chemist, was born at Wernigerode on the 1st of December 1743• During a large portion of his life he followed the profession of an apothecary . After acting as assistant in pharmacies at Quedlinburg, Hanover, •Berlin and Danzig successively he came to Berlin on the death of Valentin Rose the elder in 1771 as manager of his business, and in 178o he started an establishment on his own account in the same city, where from 1782 he was pharmaceutical assessor of the Ober-Collegium Medicum . In 1787 he was appointed lecturer in chemistry to the Royal Artillery, and when the university was founded in 1810 he was selected to be the professor of chemistry . He died in Berlin on the 1st of January 1817 . Klaproth was the leading chemist of his time in Germany . 15 An exact and conscientious worker, he did much to improve and systematize the processes of analytical chemistry and mineralogy, and his appreciation of the value of quantitative methods led him to become one of the earliest adherents of the Lavoisierian doctrines outside France . He was the first to discover uranium, zirconium and titanium, and to characterize them as distinct elements, though he did not obtain any of them in the pure metallic state; and he elucidated the composition .of numerous substances till then imperfectly known, including compounds of the then newly recognized elements: tellurium, strontium, cerium and chromium . His papers, over 200 in number, were collected by himself in Beitrage zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkorper (5 vols., 1795—1810) and Chemische Abhandlungen gemischten Inhalts (1815) . He also published a Chemisches Worterbuch (1807—1810), and edited a revised edition of F . A . C . Gren's Handbuch der Chemie (1806) .

KL$BER,

JEAN BAPTISTE (1753–1800), French general, was born on the 9th of March 1753, at Strassburg, where his father was a builder . He was trained, partly at Paris, for the profession of architect, but his opportune assistance to two German nobles in a tavern brawl obtained for him a nomination to the military school of Munich . Thence he obtained a commission in the Austrian army, but resigned it in 1783 on finding his humble birth in the way of his promotion . On returning to France he was appointed inspector of public buildings at Belfort, where he studied fortification and military science . In 1792 he enlisted in the Haut-Rhin volunteers, and was from his military knowledge at once elected adjutant and soon afterwards lieutenant-colonel . At the defence of Mainz he so distinguished himself that though disgraced along with the rest of the garrison and imprisoned, he was promptly reinstated, and in August 1793 promoted general of brigade . He won considerable distinction in the Vendean war, and two months later was made a general of division . In these operations began his intimacy with Marceau, with whom he defeated the Royalists at Le Mans and Savenay . For openly expressing his opinion that lenient measures ought to be pursued towards the Vendeans he was recalled; but in April 1794 he was once more reinstated and sent to the Army of the Sambreand-Meuse . He displayed his skill and bravery in the numerous actions around Charleroi, and especially in the crowning victory of Fleurus, after which in the winter of 1794–95 he besieged Mainz . In 1795 and again in 1796 he held the chief command of an army temporarily, but declined a permanent appointment as commander-in-chief . On the 13th of October 1795 he fought a brilliant rearguard action at the bridge of Neuwied, and in the offensive campaign of 1796 he was Jourdan's most active and successful lieutenant .

Having, after the

retreat to the Rhine (see FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS), declined the chief command, he withdrew into private life early in 1798 . He accepted a division in the expedition to Egypt under Bonaparte, but was wounded in the head at Alexandria in the first engagement, which prevented his taking any further part in the campaign of the Pyramids, and caused him to be appointed governor of Alexandria . In the Syrian campaign of 1799, however, he commanded the vanguard, took El-Arish, Gaza and Jaffa, and won the great victory of Mount Tabor on the 15th of April 1799 . When Napoleon returned to France towards the end of 1799 he left Kleber in command of the French forces . In this capacity, seeing no hope of bringing his army back to France or of consolidating his conquests, he made the convention of El-Arish . But when Lord Keith, the British admiral, refused to ratify the terms, he attacked the Turks at Heliopolis, though with but 10,000 men against 60,000, and utterly defeated them on the loth of March 1800 . He then retook Cairo, which had revolted from the French . Shortly after these victories he was assassinated at Cairo by a fanatic On the 14th of June 1800, the same day on which his friend and comrade Desaix fell at Marengo . Kleber was undoubtedly one of the greatest generals of the French revolutionary epoch . Though he distrusted his powers and declined the responsibility of supreme command, there is nothing in his career to show that he would have been unequal to it . As a second incommand he was not excelled by any general of his time . His conduct of affairs in Egypt at a time when the treasury was empty and the troops were discontented for want of pay, shows that his powers as an administrator were little—if at all—inferior to those he possessed as a general .

Ernouf, the

grandson of Jourdan's chief of staff, published in 1867 a valuable biography of K16ber . See also Reynaud, Life of Merlin de Thionville; Ney, Memoirs; Dumas, Souvenirs; Las Casas, Memorial de Ste Helbne; J . Charavaray, Les Generaux marts pour la patrie; General Pajol, Kleber; lives of Marceau and Desaix; M . F . Rousseau, Kleber et Menou en Egypte (Paris, 1900) .