GOTTLIEB See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

FRIEDRICH See also:

• GOTTLIEB FRIEDRICH KLOPSTOCK (1724–1803)

KLOPSTOCK (1724–1803)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German poet, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Quedlinburg, on the and of See also:

• JULY

July 1724, the eldest son of a lawyer, a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and of a deeply only occasionally relieved by association with his most intimate See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, busied with philological studies, and hardly interesting himself in the new developments of German literature . The See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence and the Revolution in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France aroused him, however, to See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm . The See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic sent him the diploma of honorary citizenship; but, horrified at the terrible scenes the Revolution had enacted in the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty, he returned it . When 67 years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age he contracted a second See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with Johanna Elisabeth von Winthem, a widow and a niece of his See also:

• LATE

late wife, who for many years had been one of his most intimate friends . He died at See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg on the 14th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1803, mourned by all See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, and was buried with See also:

• GREAT

great pomp and ceremony by the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of his first wife in the See also:

• CHURCHYARD
• CHURCHYARD, THOMAS (c. 152o-16o4)

churchyard of the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Ottensen . religious mind . Both in his birthplace and on the See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate of Friedeburg on the See also:

• SAALE

Saale, which his See also:

• FATHER

father later rented, See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• KLOPSTOCK, GOTTLIEB FRIEDRICH (1724–1803)

Klopstock passed a happy childhood; and more See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention having been given to his See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical than to his See also:

• MENTAL

mental development he See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up a strong healthy boy and was an excellent horseman and skater . In his thirteenth See also:

• YEAR

year Klopstock returned to Quedlinburg where he attended the gymnasium, and in 1739 proceeded to the famous classical school of Schulpforta . Here he soon became an See also:

• ADEPT (if used as a substantive pronounced adept, if as an adjective adept; from Lat. adeptus, one who has Attained)

adept in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and Latin versification, and wrote some meritorious idylls and odes in German . His See also:

• ORIGINAL

original intention of making the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry I . (" The See also:

• FOWLER, CHARLES (1792-1867)
• FOWLER, EDWARD (1632-1714)
• FOWLER, JOHN (1826-1864)
• FOWLER, SIR JOHN (1817-1898)
• FOWLER, WILLIAM (c. 156o-1614)

Fowler ") the See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero of an epic, was, under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• MILTON
• MILTON, JOHN (1608–1674)

Milton's See also:

• PARADISE (Gr. lrap6BEwos)

Paradise Lost. with which he became acquainted through See also:

• BODMER, JOHANN JAKOB (1698-1783)

Bodmer's See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation, abandoned in favour of the religious epic . While yet at school, he had already drafted the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of Der Messias, upon which his fame mainly rests .

On the 21st of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1745 he delivered on quitting school a remarkable " leaving oration " on epic See also:

• POETRY

poetry—A bschiedsrede fiber See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die epische Poesie, kultur- undliterar= geschichtlich erldutert—and next proceeded to See also:

• JENA

Jena as a student of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, where he elaborated the first three cantos of the Messias in See also:

• PROSE

prose . The See also:

• LIFE

life at this university being uncongenial to him, he removed in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1746 to See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, and here joined the circle of young men of letters who contributed to the See also:

• BREMER, FREDRIKA (r8or–1865)

Bremer Beitrage . In this periodical the first three cantos of the Messias in hexameters were anonymously published in 1748 . A new era in German literature had commenced, and the name of the author soon became known . In Leipzig he also wrote a number of odes, the best known of which is An meine Freunde (1747), afterwards recast as Wingolf (1767) . He See also:

• LEFT

left the university in 1748 and became a private See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor in the See also:

• FAMILY

family of a relative at See also:

• LANGENSALZA

Langensalza . Here unrequited love for a See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin (the " Fanny " of his odes) disturbed his See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of mind . Gladly therefore he accepted in 1750 an invitation from See also:

• JAKOB, LUDWIG HEINRICH VON (1759—1827)

Jakob Bodmer (q.v.), the translator of Paradise Lost, to visit him in See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich . Here Klopstock was at first treated with every kindness and respect and rapidly recovered his See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits . Bodmer, however, was disappointed to find in the young poet of the Messias a man of strong worldly interests, and a coolness sprang up between the two friends . At this juncture Klopstock received from See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick V. of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, on the recommendation of his See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count von See also:

• BERNSTORFF, ANDREAS PETER, COUNT VON (1735–1797)
• BERNSTORFF, CHRISTIAN GUNTHER, COUNT VON (1769-1835)
• BERNSTORFF, JOHANN HARTWIG ERNST, COUNT

Bernstorff (1712-1772), an invitation to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle at See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen, with an See also:

• ANNUITY (from Lat. annus, a year)

annuity of 400 talers, with a view to the completion of the Messias . The offer was accepted; on his way to the Danish See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital Klopstock met at Hamburg the See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady who in 1754 became his wife, Margareta (See also:

• META

Meta) Moller, (the " Cidli " of his odes), an enthusiastic admirer of 'his poetry .

His happiness was See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short; she died in 1758, leaving him almost broken-hearted . His grief at her loss finds pathetic expression in the 15th See also:

• CANTO (from the Lat. cantus, a song)

canto of the Messias . The poet subsequently published his wife's writings, Hinterlassene Werke von Margareta Klopstock (1759), which give See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of a See also:

• TENDER

tender, sensitive and deeply religious spirit . Klopstock now relapsed into See also:

• MELANCHOLY (Gr. µe)tayXotia, from µEtas, black, and Xotii, bile)

melancholy; new ideas failed him, and his poetry became more and more vague and unintelligible . He still continued to live and See also:

• WORK

work at Copenhagen, and next, following Heinrich Wilhelm von See also:

• GERSTENBERG, HEINRICH WILHELM VON (1737-1823)

Gerstenberg (q.v.), turned his attention to See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology, which he conceived should replace classical subjects in a new school of German poetry . In 1770, on the dismissal by See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian VII. of Count Bernstorff from See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, he retired with the latter to Hamburg, but retained his See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension together with the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of councillor of See also:

• LEGATION (Lat. legalio, a sending or mission)

legation . Here, in 1773, he issued the last five cantos of the Messias . In the following year he published his See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme for the regeneration of German letters, Die Gelehrtenrepublik (1774) . In 1775 he travelled See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, and making the acquaintance of See also:

• GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749-1832)

Goethe on the way, spent a year at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of the See also:

• MARGRAVE (Ger. Markgraf)

margrave of See also:

• BADEN
• BADEN, GRAND DUCHY OF

Baden at See also:

• KARLSRUHE, or CARLSRUHE

Karlsruhe . Thence, in 1776, with the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Hofrat and a pension from the margrave, which he retained together with that from the king of Denmark, he returned to Hamburg where he spent the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of his life . His latter years he passed, as had always been his inclination, in retirement, Klopstock's nature was best attuned to lyrical poetry, and in it his deep, See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble character found its truest expression . He was less suited for epic and dramatic See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation; for, wrapt up in himself, a stranger to the See also:

• OUTER

outer See also:

• WORLD

world, without See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical culture, and without even any See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the events of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, he was lacking in the See also:

• ART

art of plastic representation such as a great epic requires .

Thus the Messias, despite the magnificent passages which especially the earlier cantos contain, cannot satisfy the demands such a theme must necessarily make . The subject See also:

• MATTER

matter, the Redemption, presented serious difficulties to adequate epic treatment . The See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story was too scanty, and what might have been imported from without and interwoven with it was rejected by the author as profane . He had accordingly to resort to Christian mythology; and here again, circumscribed by the dogmas of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, he was in danger of trespassing on the fundamental truths of the Christian faith . The See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ could scarcely be treated in an individual See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, still less could angels and devils—and in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of See also:

• GOD

God Himself it was impossible . The result was that, despite the groundwork—the Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, the See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

Revelation of St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, and the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model ready to See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand in Milton's Paradise Lost—material elements are largely wanting and the actors in the poem, Divine and human, lack plastic form . That the poem took twenty-five years to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete could not but be detrimental to its unity of See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design; the original enthusiasm was not sustained until the end, and the earlier cantos are far See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to the later . Thus the intense public interest the work aroused in its commencement had almost vanished before its completion . It was translated into seventeen See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages and led to numerous imitations . In his odes Klopstock had more See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope for his See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent . Among the best are An Fanny; Der Zfirchersee; Die tote Klarissa; An Cidli; Die beiden Musen; Der Rheinwein; Die fruhen Graber; Mein Vaterland . His religious odes mostly take the form of See also:

• HYMNS

hymns, of which the most beautiful is Die Fruhlingsfeier .

His dramas, in some of which, notably Hermanns Schlacht (1769) and See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

Hermann and die Fzirsten (1784), he celebrated the deeds of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient German hero See also:

• ARMINIUS
• ARMINIUS, JACOBUS (1560-1609)

Arminius, and in others, Der See also:

• TOD, JAMES (1782-1835)

Tod See also:

• ADAMS
• ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
• ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
• ADAMS, HENRY (1838— )
• ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT (i858— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850—1901)
• ADAMS, JOHN (1735–1826)
• ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848)
• ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
• ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
• ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)

Adams (1757) and Salomo (1764), took his materials from the Old Testament, are essentially lyrical in character and deficient in See also:

• ACTION

action . In addition to Die Gelehrtenrepublik, he was also the author of Fragmente fiber Sprache and Dichtkunst (1779) and Grammatische Gesprache (1794), See also:

• WORKS

works in which he made important contributions to See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology and to the See also:

• HISTORY

history of German poetry . Klopstock's Werke first appeared in seven See also:

• QUARTO

quarto volumes (1798-1809) . At the same time a more complete edition in twelve See also:

• OCTAVO

octavo volumes was published (1798-1817), to which six additional volumes were added in 183o . More See also:

• RECENT

recent See also:

• EDITIONS

editions were published in 1844-1845, 1854-1855, 1879 (ed. by R . Boxberger), 1884 (ed. by R . Hamel) and 1893 (a selection edited by F . Muncker) . A See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical edition of the Odes was published by F . Muncker and J . Pawel in 1889; a commentary on these by H . See also:

• DUNTZER, JOHANN HEINRICH JOSEPH (1813-1901)

Duntzer (186o; 2nd ed., 1878) .

For Klopstock's See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence see K . See also:

• SCHMIDT, H
• SCHMIDT, HEINRICH JULIAN (1818-1886)
• SCHMIDT, KARL VON (1817-1875)
• SCHMIDT, WILHELM ADOLF (1812-1887)

Schmidt, Klopstock and See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Freunde (181o) ; C . A . H . See also:

• CLODIUS

Clodius, Klopstocks Nachlass (1821); J . M . See also:

• LAPPENBERG

Lappenberg, Briefe von and an Klopstock (1867) . Cf. further K . F . See also:

• CRAMER, JOHANN BAPTIST (1771—1858)
• CRAMER, JOHN ANTONY (1793—1848)
• CRAMER, KARL VON (1818—r9o2)

Cramer, Klopstock, er and fiber ihn (1780-1792); J . G . See also:

• GRUBER, JOHANN GOTTFRIED (1774-1851)

Gruber, Klopstocks Leben (1832); R .

Hamel, Klopstock-Studien (1879-188o) ; F . Muncker, F . G . Klopstock, the most authoritative See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography, (1888); E . See also:

• BAILLY, JEAN SYLVAIN (1736-1793)

Bailly, Etude sur la See also:

• VIE

vie et See also:

• LES

les oeuvres de Klopstock (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1888) .