Online Encyclopedia

KOLOZSVAR (Ger. Klausenburg; Rum. Cluj)

Online Encyclopedia
Originally appearing in Volume V15, Page 891 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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KOLOZSVAR (Ger. Klausenburg; Rum. Cluj)  , a
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town of Hungary, in Transylvania, the capital of the county of Kolozs, and formerly the capital of the whole of Transylvania, 248 m . E.S.E. of
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Budapest by
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rail . Pop . (1900), 46,670 . It is situated in a picturesque valley on the banks of the Little Szamos, and comprises the inner town (formerly surrounded with walls) and five suburbs . The greater
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part of the town lies on the right
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bank of the
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river, while on the other side is the so-called
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Bridge Suburb and the citadel (erected in 1715) . Upon the slopes of the citadel hill there is a gipsy quarter . With the exception of the old quarter, Kolozsvar is generally well laid out, and contains many broad and
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fine streets, several of which diverge at right angles from the
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principal square . In this square is situated the
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Gothic church of St Michael (1396–1432); in front is a
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bronze equestrian statue of King Matthias Corvinus by the Hungarian sculptor Fadrusz (1902) . Other noteworthy buildings are the Reformed church, built by Matthias Corvinus in 1486 and ceded to the Calvinists by Bethlen Gabor in 1622; the house in which Matthias Corvinus was born (1443), which contains an ethnographical museum; the county and town halls, a museum, and the university buildings . A feature of Kolozsvar is the large number of handsome mansions belonging to the Transylvanian nobles, who reside here during the winter . It is the seat of a Unitarian bishop, and of the superintendent of the Calvinists for the Transylvanian circle .

Kolozsvar is the

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literary and scientific centre of Transylvania, and is the seat of numerous literary and scientific associations . It contains a university (founded in 1872), with four faculties—theology, philosophy, law and medicine—frequented by about 190o students in 1905; and amongst its other educational establishments are a seminary for Unitarian priests, an agricultural college, two training
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schools for teachers, a commercial academy, and several secondary schools for boys and girls . The industry comprises establishments for the manufacture of woollen -and
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linen
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cloth, paper,
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sugar, candles,
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soap, earthenwares, as . well as breweries and distilleries . Kolozsvar is believed to occupy the site of a
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Roman settlement named Napoca . Colonized by
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Saxons in 1178, it then received its German name of Klausenburg, from the old word Klause, signifying a " mountain pass." Between the years 1545 and 1570 large numbers of the Saxon population
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left the town in
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con-sequence of the introduction of Unitarian doctrines . In 1798 the town was to a
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great extent destroyed by fire . As capital of Transylvania and the seat of the Transylvanian diets, Kolozsvar from 183o to 1848 became the centre of the Hungarian
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national
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movement in the
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grand principality; and in December 1848 it was taken and garrisoned by the Hungarians under General Bern .

End of Article: KOLOZSVAR (Ger. Klausenburg; Rum. Cluj)
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