See also:

• KONIGSBERG (Polish Krolewiec)

KONIGSBERG (See also:

• POLISH

Polish Krolewiec)  , a See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia and a fortress of the first See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank . Pop . (188o), 140,800; (189o), 161,666; (1905), 219,862 (including the incorporated suburbs) . It is situated on rising ground, on both sides of the Pregel, 42 m. from its mouth in the Frische Haff, 397 M . N . E. of See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, on the railway to Eydtkuhnen and at the junction of lines to See also:

• PILLAU

Pillau, See also:

• TILSIT

Tilsit and Kranz . It consists of three parts, which were formerly See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent administrative See also:

• UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF
• UNITS, PHYSICAL

units, the Altstadt (old town), to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, Lobenicht to the east, and the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island Kneiphof, together with numerous suburbs, all embraced in a See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit of 91 See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles . The Pregel, spanned by many See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges, flows through the town in two branches, which ,unite below the Grune Briicke . Its greatest breadth within the town is from 8o to 90 yards, and it is usually frozen from See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November to See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March . See also:

• KONIGSBERG (Polish Krolewiec)

Konigsberg does not retain many marks of antiquity . The Altstadt has See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and. narrow streets, but the Kneiphof See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter is roomier . Of the seven See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-places only that in the Altstadt retains something of its former See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance .

Among the more interesting buildings are the Schloss, a long rectangle begun in 1255 and added to later, with a See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower 277 ft. high and a See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel built in 1592, in which See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick I. in 1701 and See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William I. in 1861 crowned themselves See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of Prussia; and the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, begun in 1333 and restored in 1856, a Gothic See also:

• BUILDING

building with a tower 164 ft. high, adjoining which is the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of See also:

• KANT, IMMANUEL (1724-1804)

Kant . The Schloss was originally the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the See also:

• GRAND

Grand Masters of the See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order and later of the See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of Prussia . Behind is the See also:

• PARADE (Fr. parade, an adaptation from Ital. parada; cf. Span. parada, from Lat. parade, to prepare, equip, furnish)

parade-ground, with the statues of See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert I. and of Frederick William III. by See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August See also:

• KISS

Kiss, and the grounds also contain monuments to Frederick I. and William I . To the east is the Schlossteich, a long narrow ornamental See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake covering 12 acres . The See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-west See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the parade-ground is occupied by the new university buildings, completed in 1865; 'these and the new See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south side of the Pregel are the finest architectural features of the town . The university (Collegium Albertinum) was founded in 1544 by Albert I., See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Prussia, as a " purely Lutheran " See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of learning . It is chiefly distinguished for its mathematical and philosophical studies, and possesses a famous See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory, established in 1811 by Frederick William See also:

• BESSEL, FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1784-1846)

Bessel, a library of about 240,000 volumes, a zoological museum, a botanical See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden, laboratories and valuable mathematical and other scientific collections . Among its famous professors have been Kant (who was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born here in 1724 and to whom a See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument was erected in 1864), J . G. von See also:

• HERDER, JOHANN GOTTFRIED VON (1744-1803)

Herder, Bessel, F . See also:

• NEUMANN, FRANZ ERNST (1798-1895)
• NEUMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1793-1870)

Neumann and J . F . See also:

• HERBART, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1776-1841)

Herbart .

It is attended by about r000 students and has a teaching See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of over roo . Among other educational establishments, Konigsberg See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers four classical See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools (gymnasia) and three commercial schools, an See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy of See also:

• PAINTING

painting and a school of See also:

• MUSIC

music . The hospitals and benevolent institutions are numerous . The town is less well equipped with museums and similar institutions, the most noteworthy being the Prussia museum of antiquities, which is especially See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in East Prussian finds from the See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

Stone See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age to the See also:

• VIKING

Viking See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . Besides the cathedral the town has fourteen churches . Konigsberg is a See also:

• NAVAL

naval and military fortress of the first order . The fortifications were begun in 1843 and were only completed in 1905, although the place was surrounded by walls in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early times . The See also:

• WORKS

works consist of an inner See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, brought into connexion with an outlying See also:

• SYSTEM

system of works, and of twelve detached forts, of which six are on the right and six on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the Pregel . Between them See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie two See also:

• GREAT

great forts, that of Friedrichsburg on an island in the Pregel and that of the Kaserne Kronprinz on the east of the town, both within the environing ramparts . The protected position of its See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour has made Konigsberg ene of the most important commercial cities of Germany . A new channel has recently been made between it and its See also:

• PORT

port, Pillau, 29 miles distant, on the See also:

• OUTER

outer side of the Frische Haff, so as to admit vessels See also:

• DRAWING

drawing 20 feet of See also:

• WATER

water right up to the quays of Konigsberg, and the result has been to stimulate the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . It is protected for a long distance by moles, in which a break has been left in the Fischhauser Wiek, to permit of freer circulation of the water and to prevent damage to the mainland .

The See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries of Konigsberg have made great advances within See also:

• RECENT

recent years, notable among them are See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing-works and manufactures of machinery, locomotives, carriages, chemicals, toys, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, See also:

• CELLULOSE

cellulose, See also:

• BEER

beer, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco and cigars, pianos and See also:

• AMBER

amber wares . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal exports are cereals and See also:

• FLOUR

flour, See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, horses, See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp, See also:

• FLAX

flax, See also:

• TIMBER

timber, sugar and oilcake . There are two See also:

• PRETTY

pretty public parks, one in the Hufen, with a zoological garden attached, another the Luisenwahl which commemorates the sojourn of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen Louisa of Prussia in the town in the disastrous See also:

• YEAR

year 18o6 . The Altstadt of Konigsberg See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up around the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle built in 12J5 by the Teutonic Order, on the See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice of Ottaker II . See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King of Bohemia, after whom the place was named . Its first site was near the fishing See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Steindamm, but after its destruction by the Prussians in 1263 it was rebuilt in its See also:

• PRESENT

present position . It received civic privileges in 1286, the two other parts of the present town—Lobenicht and Kneiphof—receiving them a few years later . In 1340 Konigsberg entered the Hanseatic See also:

• LEAGUE

League . From 1457 it was the residence of the grand See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the Teutonic Order, and from 1525 till 1618 of the dukes of Prussia . The trade of Konigsberg was much hindered by the See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant shifting and silting up of the channels leading to its harbour; and the great See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• WARS

wars did it immense harm, but before the end of the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century it had almost recovered . In 1724 the three independent parts were See also:

• UNITED

united into a single town by Frederick William I . Konigsberg suffered severely during the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of liberation and was occupied by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French in 1807 .

In 1813 the town was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the deliberations which led to the successful uprising of Prussia against See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon . During the 19th century the opening of a railway system in East Prussia and See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia gave a new impetus to its See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, making it the principal outlet for the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian staples—See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, seeds, flax and hemp . It has now See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam communication with See also:

• MEMEL
• MEMEL, or N1EMEN

Memel, See also:

• STETTIN

Stettin, See also:

• KIEL

Kiel, See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam and See also:

• HULL
• HULL (in O.Eng. hulu, from helan, to cover, cf. Ger. Hiille, covering)
• HULL (officially KINGSTON-UPON-HULL)
• HULL, ISAAC (1775-1843)

Hull . See See also:

• FABER
• FABER (or LEFEVRE), JOHANN (1478-1541)
• FABER, BASIL (1520-c. 1576)
• FABER, FABRI
• FABER, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1814-1863)

Faber, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die See also:

• HAUPT, MORITZ (1808—1874)

Haupt- and Residenzstadt Konigsberg in Preussen (Konigsberg, 1840) ; See also:

• SCHUBERT, FRANZ PETER (1797-1828)

Schubert, Zur boo jahrigen JubelfeierKonigsbergs (Konigsberg . 185J); Beckherrn, Geschichte der Befestigungen Konigsbergs (Konigsberg, 1890) ; H . G . See also:

• PRUTZ, HANS (1843– )
• PRUTZ, ROBERT EDUARD (1816-1872)

Prutz, Die konigliche Albertus-Universitit zu Konigsberg fin z9 Jahrhundert (Konigsberg, 1894); Armstedt, Geschichte der koniglichen Haupt- and Residenzstadt Konigsberg (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1899) ; M.See also:

• SCHULTZE, MAX JOHANN SIGISMUND (1825-1874)

Schultze, Konigsberg and Ostpreussen zu .4nfang 1813 (Berlin, 1901); and Gordak, Wegweiser dutch Konigsberg (Konigsberg, 1904) .