See also:

• KOREA
• KOREA, or COREA (CH'AO HSIEN, DAI HAN)

KOREA, or COREA (CH'AO HSIEN, DAI HAN)  . Its mainland portion consists of a See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula stretching southwards from See also:

• MANCHURIA

Manchuria, with an estimated length of about 600 m., an extreme breadth of 135 m., and a See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast-See also:

• LINE

line of 1740 M . It extends from 340 18' to 430 N., and from 124° 36' to 13o° 47' E . Its See also:

• NORTHERN

northern boundary is marked by the Tumen and Yal ers; the eastern boundary by the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea of Japany 1 e thern boundary by See also:

• KOREA
• KOREA, or COREA (CH'AO HSIEN, DAI HAN)

Korea Strait; and the western-boundary by the Yalu and the Yellow Sea . For 11 m. along the Tumen See also:

• RIVER

river the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north frontier is conterminous with See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia (See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia); otherwise Korea has See also:

• CHINA

China (Manchuria) on its See also:

• LAND

land frontier . Nearly the whole See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is mountainous . (For See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map, see See also:

• JAPAN

JAPAN.) The See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west coasts are fringed by about 200 islands (exclusive of islets), two-thirds of which are inhabited; too of them are from too to 2000 ft. in height, and many consist of bold See also:

• BARE

bare masses of volcanic See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock . The most important are See also:

• QUELPART (CHAT-Ju)

Quelpart and the Nan Hau See also:

• GROUP

group . The latter, 36 in. from the easternend of Quelpart, possesses the deep, well-sheltered and ioomy See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour of See also:

• PORT

Port See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton, which lies between the north points of the large and well-cultivated islands of See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

Sun-ho-See also:

• DAN

dan and Sodan, which have a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of 2000 . Aitan, between their south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east points, completes this See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble harbour . The east coast of Korea is steep and rock-See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound, with deep See also:

• WATER

water and a tidal rise and fall of I to 2 ft . The west coast is often See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low and shelving, and abounds in mud-See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks, and the tidal rise and fall is from 20 to 36 ft .

Korean harbours, except two or three which are closed by See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice for some See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, are ice-See also:

• FREE

free . Among them are Port Shestakov, Port Lazarev, and Won-See also:

• SAN

san (Gensan), in See also:

• BROUGHTON, HUGH (1549-1612)
• BROUGHTON, JOHN CAM HOBHOUSE, BARON (1786-1869)

Broughton See also:

• BAY

Bay;' Fusan, Ma-san-po, at the mouth of the Nak-tong, on the south coast; Mok-po, See also:

• CHIN

Chin-nampo, near the mouth of the Tai-dong; and Chemulpo, near the mouth of the Han, the port of the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital and the sea See also:

• TERMINUS

terminus of the first Korean railway on the west coast . Korea is distinctly mountainous, and has no plains deserving the name . In the north there are See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups with definite centres, the most notable being Paik-tu San or Pei-shan ($700 ft.) which contains the See also:

• SOURCES

sources of the Yalu and Tumen . From these groups a lofty range runs southwards, dividing the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire into two unequal parts . On its east, between it and the coast, which it follows at a moderate distance, is a fertile See also:

• STRIP

strip difficult of See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access, and on the west it throws off so many lateral ranges and spurs as to break up the country into a See also:

• CHAOS

chaos of corrugated and precipitous hills and steep-sided valleys, each with a rapid perennial stream . Farther south this axial range, which includes the See also:

• DIAMOND

Diamond Mountain group, falls away towards the sea in treeless spurs and small and often infertile levels . The northern groups and the Diamond Mountain are heavily timbered, but the hills are covered mainly with coarse, sour grass and See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak and See also:

• CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

chestnut scrub . The See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers are shallow and rocky, and are usually only navigable for a few See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles from the sea . Among the exceptions are the Yalu (Amnok), Tumen, Tai-dong, Naktong, Mok-po, and Han . The last, rising in Kang-won-do, 30 M. from the east coast, cuts Korea nearly in See also:

• HALF

half, reaching the sea on the west coast near Chemulpo; and, in spite of many serious rapids, is a valuable See also:

• HIGHWAY

highway for See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce for over 150 miles . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The geology of Korea is very imperfectly known .

Crystalline See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists occupy a large See also:

• PART

part of the country, forming all the higher mountain ranges . They are always strongly folded and it is in them that the See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of Korea is situated . Towards the Manchurian frontier they are covered unconformably by some 1600 ft. of sandstones, See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay-slates and limestones, which contain See also:

• CAMBRIAN

Cambrian fossils and are the equivalents of a part of the Sinian See also:

• SYSTEM

system of China . Carboniferous beds, consisting chiefly of slates, sandstones and conglomerates, are found in the south-eastern provinces . They contain a few seams of See also:

• COAL

coal, but the most important coal-bearing deposits of the country belong to the See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . See also:

• RECENT

Recent eruptive and volcanic rocks are met with in the interior of Korea and also in the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Quelpart . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal mountain in the latter, See also:

• HAL

Hal-la-san (or See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

• AUCKLAND
• AUCKLAND, GEORGE EDEN, EARL OF (1784-1849)
• AUCKLAND, WILLIAM EDEN, 1ST BARON (1745-1814)

Auckland), according to See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese stories, was in eruption in the See also:

• YEAR

year 1007 . With this possible exception there are no active volcanoes in Korea, and the region has also been remarkably free from earthquakes throughout historic times . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—The climate is superb for nine months of the year, and the three months of See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain, See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat and See also:

• DAMP

damp are not injurious to See also:

• HEALTH

health . Koreans suffer from See also:

• MALARIA

malaria, but Europeans and their See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children are fairly free from See also:

• CLIMATIC

climatic maladies, and enjoy robust health . The summer mean temperature of See also:

• SEOUL (Han-yang)

Seoul is about 75° F., that of winter about 33°; the See also:

• AVERAGE

average rainfall, 36.3 in. in the year, and of the See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season 21.86 in . The rains come in See also:

• JULY

July and See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August on the west and north-east coasts, and from See also:

• APRIL

April to July on the south coast, the approximate mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual rainfall of these localities being 3o, 35 and 42 in. respectively .

These averages are based on the observations of seven years only . See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—The See also:

• PLANTS

plants and animals await study and See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification . Among the indigenous trees are the Abies excelsa, Abies microsperma, Pinus sinensis, Pinus pinea, three See also:

• SPECIES

species of oak, five of See also:

• MAPLE, SIR JOHN BLUNDELL, BART

maple, See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime, See also:

• BIRCH
• BIRCH (Betula)
• BIRCH, SAMUEL (1813–1885)
• BIRCH, THOMAS (1705-1766)

birch, See also:

• JUNIPER

juniper, mountain ash, See also:

• WALNUT (Juglans)

walnut, See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish chestnut, See also:

• HAZEL (0. Eng. hresell; cf. Ger. Hasel, Swed. and Dan. Kassel, &c.,; Fr. noiselier, coudrier)

hazel, See also:

• WILLOW (Salix)

willow, See also:

• HORNBEAM (Carpinus betulus)

hornbeam, See also:

• HAWTHORN
• HAWTHORN (O. Eng. Naga-, hog-, or hege-thorn, i.e. " hedge-thorn ")

hawthorn, See also:

• PLUM

plum, See also:

• PEAR (Pyrus communis)

pear, See also:

• PEACH
• PEACH, CHARLES WILLIAM (1800-1886)

peach, Rhus vernicifera, (?) Rhus semipinnata, Acanthopanax ricinifolia, Zelkawa, Thuja orientalis, Elaeagnus, Sophora Japonica, &c . Azaleas and rhododendrons are widely distributed,' as well as other flowering shrubs and creepers, See also:

• AMPELOPSIS (from Gr. aµtreXor , vine, and &lies, appearance, as it resembles the grape-vine in habit)

Ampelopsis Veitchii being universal . Liliaceous plants ' Named after See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Broughton (1762-1821), an See also:

• ENGLISH

English navigator who explored these seas in 1795-1798 . See also:

• ANA

ana See also:

• CRUCIFERAE

cruciferae are numerous . The native fruits, except walnuts and chestnuts, are worthless . The See also:

• PERSIMMON

persimmon attains perfection, and experiment has proved the suitability of the climate to many See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign fruits . The indigenous economic plants are few, and are of no commercial value, excepting See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• GINSENG

ginseng, See also:

• BAMBOO

bamboo, which is applied to countless uses, and " tak-pul " (Hibiscus Manihot), used in the manufacture of See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—The See also:

• TIGER
• TIGER (Felis tigris)

tiger takes the first See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place among wild animals . He is of See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• SIZE

size, his skin is magnificent, and he is so widely distributed as to be a peril to See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man and beast . Tiger-See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting is a profession with See also:

• SPECIAL

special privileges .

Leopards -are numerous, and have even been shot within the walls of Seoul . There are See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer (at least five species), boars, bears, antelopes. beavers, otters, badgers, tiger-See also:

• CATS, JACOB (1577-1660)

cats, See also:

• MARTEN
• MARTEN, AMERICAN
• MARTEN, HENRY (1602-1680)
• MARTEN, JAPANESE
• MARTEN, STONE

marten, an inferior See also:

• SABLE
• SABLE, AMERICAN
• SABLE, CHINESE
• SABLE, MADELEINE DE SOUVRE, MARQUISE DE (1599—1678)
• SABLE, RUSSIAN

sable, striped squirrels, &c . Among birds there are See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black eagles, peregrines (largely used in hawking), and, specially protected by See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, See also:

• TURKEY

turkey bustards, three varieties of pheasants, swans, geese, See also:

• COMMON

common and spectacled See also:

• TEAL (O.E. tele)

teal, mallards, See also:

• MANDARIN

mandarin ducks See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white and See also:

• PINK

pink See also:

• IBIS

ibis, See also:

• CRANES (so called from the resemblance to the long neck of the bird, cf. Gr. 'y pavor, Fr. grue)

cranes, storks, egrets, herons, curlews, pigeons, doves, nightjars, common and See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue magpies, rooks, crows, orioles, halcyon and blue kingfishers, jays, See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

nut-hatches, redstarts, See also:

• SNIPE (0. Eng. Spite, Icel. Snipe, Dutch Snip, Ger. Schnepfe)

snipe, See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey shrikes, See also:

• HAWKS, FRANCIS LISTER (1798-1866)

hawks, kites, &c . But, pending further observations, it is not possible to say which of the smaller birds actually breed in Korea and which only make it a halting-place in their annual migrations . See also:

• AREA

Area and Population.—The estimated area is 82,000 sq. m.—somewhat under that of Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . The first See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census was taken in 1891, and returned the population in See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers at 17,000,000, See also:

• FEMALES

females being in the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority . It was subsequently, however, estimated at a maximum of 12,000,000 . There is a foreign population of about 65,000, of whom 6o,000 are See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese . It is estimated that little more than half the arable land is under cultivation, and that the See also:

• SOIL

soil could support an additional 7,000,000 . The native population is absolutely homogeneous . Northern Korea, with its severe climate, is thinly peopled, while the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich and warm provinces of the south and west are populous . A large majority of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people are engaged in See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture .

There is little See also:

• EMIGRATION (from Lat. emigrare; e, ex, out of, and migrare, to depart)

emigration, except into See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian and Chinese territory, but some Koreans have emigrated to See also:

• HAWAII (HAWAIIAN or SANDWICH ISLANDS)

Hawaii and See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico . The capital is the inland See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Seoul, with a population of nearly 200,000 . Among other towns, Songdo (Kaisong), the capital from about 910 to 1392, is a walled city of the first See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, 25 M . N.W. of Seoul, with a population of 6o,000 . It possesses the stately remains of the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the Korean See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of the Wang See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty, is a great centre of the See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade and the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole centre of the ginseng manufacture, makes wooden shoes, coarse pottery and See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• MATTING

matting, and manufactures with sesamum oil the stout oiled paper for which Korea is famous . Phyong-yang, a city on the Tai-dong, had a population of 6o,000 before the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of 1894, in which it was nearly destroyed; but it fast regained its population . It lies on rocky heights above a region of stoneless See also:

• ALLUVIUM

alluvium on the east, and with the largest and richest See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain in Korea on the west . It has five coal-mines within ten miles, and the See also:

• DISTRICT

district is rich in See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, See also:

• SILK

silk, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, and grain .. It has easy communication with the sea (its port being Chin-nampo), and is important historically and commercially . Auriferous See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz is worked by a foreign See also:

• COMPANY

company in its neighbourhood . Near the city is the illustrated See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of land measurement cut by Ki-tze in 1124 B.C . With the exceptions of Kang-hwa, Chong-ju, Tung-nai, Fusan, and Won-san, it is very doubtful if any other Korean towns reach a population of 15,000 .

The provincial capitals and many other cities are walled . Most of the larger towns are in the warm and fertile See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern provinces . One is very much like another, and nearly all their streets are replicas of the better alleys of Seoul . The actual antiquities of Korea are dolmens, sepulchral pottery, and Korean and Japanese fortifications . See also:

• RACE

Race.—The origin of the Korean people is unknown . They are of the Mongol See also:

• FAMILY

family; their See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language belongs to the so-called Turanian group, is polysyllabic, possesses an See also:

• ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet of r 1 vowels and 14 consonants, and a script named En-See also:

• MUN, ADRIEN ALBERT MARIE DE, COUNT (1841— )
• MUN, THOMAS (1571–1641)

mun . Literature of the higher class and See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official and upper class See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence are exclusively in Chinese characters, but since 1895 official documents have contained an admixture of En-mun . The Koreans are distinct from both Chinese and Japanese in See also:

• PHYSIOGNOMY

physiognomy, though dark straight See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, dark oblique eyes, and ;. tinge of See also:

• BRONZE

bronze in the skin are always See also:

• PRESENT

present . Thecheek-bones are high; the See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose inclined to flatness; the mouth thin-lipped and refined among See also:

• PATRICIANS (Lat. patricius, an adjectival form from pater, father; not, as some say, from pater and ciere, to call)

patricians, and wide and full-lipped among plebeians; the ears are small, and the brow fairly well See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed . The expression indicates See also:

• QUICK

quick intelligence rather than force and See also:

• MENTAL

mental calibre . The male height averages 5 ft . 41 in .

The hands and feet are small and well-formed . The physique is See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good, and porters carry on journeys from 100 to 200 lb . Men marry at from 18 to 20 years, girls at 16, and have large families, in which a strumous taint is nearly universal . See also:

• WOMEN

Women are secluded and occupy a very inferior position . The Koreans are rigid monogamists, but See also:

• CONCUBINAGE
• CONCUBINAGE (Lat. concubina, a concubine; from con-, with, and cubare, to lie)

concubinage has a recognized status . See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

Production and See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries. i . Minerals.—Extensive coal-See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields, producing coal of See also:

• FAIR

fair quality, as yet undeveloped, occur in Hwang-See also:

• HAI (939-1038)

hai Do and elsewhere . Iron is abundant, especially in Phyong-an Do, and rich See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper ore, See also:

• SILVER

silver and See also:

• GALENA

galena are found . Crystal is a noted product of Korea, and See also:

• TALC

talc of good quality is also present . In 1885 the rudest See also:

• PROCESS

process of " placer " washing produced an export of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold dust amounting to £120,000; quartz-See also:

• MINING

mining methods were subsequently introduced, and the annual declared value of gold produced See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to about £450,000; but much is believed to have been sent out of the country clandestinely . The reefs were See also:

• LEFT

left untouched till 1897, when an See also:

• AMERICAN

American company, which had obtained a concession in Phyong-an Do in 1895, introduced the latest mining appliances, and raised the declared export of 1898 to £240,047, believed to represent -a yield for that year of £600,000 . Russian, See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German, English, See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and Japanese applicants subsequently obtained concessions .

The concessionnaires regard Korean labour as docile and intelligent . The See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of owning mines in Korea was extended to aliens under the Mining Regulations of 1906 . ii . Agriculture.—Korean soil consists largely of See also:

• LIGHT

light sandy See also:

• LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

loam, disintegrated See also:

• LAVA

lava, and rich, stoneless alluvium, from 3 to ro ft. deep . The rainfall is abundant during the necessitous months of the year, facilities for the See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation of the See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop are ample, and drought and floods are seldom known . Land is held from the proprietors on the terms of receiving See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed from them and returning half the produce, the landlord paying the taxes . Any Korean can become a landowner by reclaiming and cultivating unoccupied See also:

• CROWN

crown land for three years free of See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation, after which he pays taxes annually . Good land produces two crops a year . The implements used are two makes of iron-shod wooden ploughs; a large See also:

• SHOVEL (O.E. scoff, from root of scufan, to shove, push, cf. Ger. Schaufel, also Schiippe, scoop)
• SHOVEL, SIR CLOUDESLEY [or CLOWDISLEY SHOVELL as he seems to have spelt the name himself] (c. 1650-1707)

shovel, worked by three or five men, one working the handle, the others jerking the blade by See also:

• ROPES, JOHN CODMAN (1836–1899)

ropes attached to it; a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp-pointed See also:

• HOE (through Fr. houe from O.H.G. houwd, mod. Ger. Haue; the root is seen in " hew," to cut, cleave; the word must be distinguished from " hoe," promontory, tongue of land, seen in place names, e.g. Morthoe, Luton Hoo, the Hoe at Plymouth, &c. ; this is t
• HOE, RICHARD MARCH (1812-1886)

hoe, a bamboo See also:

• RAKE (O.E. rata, cognate with Du. raak, Ger. Rechen, from a root meaning to scrape together, heap up)

rake, and a wooden See also:

• BARROW
• BARROW (from A.S. beorh, a mount or hillock)
• BARROW, ISAAC (1630-1677)
• BARROW, SIR JOHN (1764-1848)

barrow, all of See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude construction . Rice is threshed by beating the ears on a See also:

• LOG (a word of uncertain etymological origin,possibly onomatopoeic; the New English Dictionary rejects the derivation from Norwegian lag, a fallen tree)

log; other grains, with flails on mud threshing-floors . Winnowing is performed by throwing up the grain on windy days . Rice is hulled and grain coarsely ground in See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone querns or by water pestles .

There are provincial See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-breeding stations, where See also:

• PONY
• PONY (from the Lowland Scots powney, probably from 0. Fr. pouleriet, diminutive of poulain, a colt or foal; Late Lat. pullanus, Lat. pullus, a young animal)

pony stallions, from ro to 12 hands high, are bred for carrying burdens . Magnificent red bulls are bred by the farmers for ploughing and other farming operations, and for the transport of goods . See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

Sheep and goats are bred on the imperial farms, but only for See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice . Small, hairy, black pigs, and fowls, are universal . The cultivation does not compare in neatness and thoroughness, with that of China and Japan . There are no trustworthy estimates of the yield of any given measurement of land . The farmers put the average yield of rice at See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-See also:

• FOLD

fold, and of other grain at twenty-fold . Korea produces all cereals and See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root crops except the tropical, along with cotton, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, a species of the See also:

• RHEA

Rhea plant used for making grass-See also:

• CLOTH

cloth, and the Brousonettia papyrifera . The articles chiefly cultivated are rice, See also:

• MILLET (Fr. millet; Ital. miglietto, diminutive of miglio= Lat. mille, a thousand, in allusion to its fertility)
• MILLET (or MILE), JEAN FRANCOIS (c. 1642–1679)
• MILLET, FRANCIS DAVIS (1846- )
• MILLET, JEAN FRANCOIS (1814–1875)

millet, beans, ginseng (at Songdo), cotton, See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp, oil-seeds, bearded See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, oats, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, See also:

• SORGHUM

sorghum, and sweet and Irish potatoes . Korean agriculture suffers from infamous roads, the want of the See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange of seed, and the insecurity of the gains of labour, It occupies about three-fourths of the population . iii . Other Industries.—The industries of Korea, apart from supplying the actual necessaries of a poor population, are few and rarely collective .

They consist chiefly in the manufacture of sea-See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, of varied and admirable paper, thin and poor silk, horse-hair See also:

• CRINOLINE (a Fr. word formed of the Lat. crinis, hair, and linum, thread)

crinoline for hats, fine split bamboo blinds, hats and mats, coarse pottery, hemp cloth for mourners, See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass See also:

• BOWLS

bowls and grass-cloth . Won-san and Fusan are large fishing centres, and salt See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish and fish manure are important exports; but the prolific fishing-grounds are worked chiefly by Japanese labour and capital . Paper and ginseng are the only manufactured articles on the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of Korean exports . The arts are nil . Commerce.—A commercial treaty was concluded with Japan in 1876, and See also:

• TREATIES

treaties with the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European countries and the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America were concluded subsequently . An imperial See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict of the loth of May 1904 annulled all Korean treaties with Russia . After the opening of certain Korean ports to foreign trade, the customs were placed under the management of European commissioners nominated by See also:

• SIR

Sir Robert See also:

• HART, ALBERT BUSHNELL (1854– )
• HART, CHARLES (d. 1683)
• HART, ERNEST ABRAHAM (1835–1898)
• HART, SIR ROBERT
• HART, WILLIAM (1823–1894)

Hart from See also:

• PEKING, or PEKIN

Peking . The ports and other towns open are Seoul, Chemulpo, Fusan, Won-san, Chin-nampo, Mok-po, Kun-san, Ma-san-po, See also:

• SONG

Song-chin, Wiju, Yong-ampo, and Phyong-yang . The value of foreign trade of the open ports has fluctuated considerably, but has shown a tendency to increase on the whole . For example, in 1884 imports were valued at £170,113 and exports at £95,377 . By 1890 imports had risen to £790,261, and there-after fluctuated greatly, See also:

• STANDING

standing at only £473,598 in 1893, but at £1,017,238 in 1897, and £1,382,352 in 1901, but under abnormal conditions in 1904 this last amount was nearly doubled . Exports in 1890 were valued at £J92,746; they also fluctuated greatly, falling to £316, 072 in 1893, but standing at £863,828 in 1901, and having a further increase in some subsequent years .

These figures exclude the value of gold dust . The principal imports are cotton goods, railway materials, mining supplies and metals, tobacco, kerosene, See also:

• TIMBER

timber, and clothing . Japanese cotton yarns are imported to be See also:

• WOVEN

woven into a strong cloth on Korean See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand-looms . Beans and peas, rice, cowhides, and ginseng are the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief exports, apart from gold . Communications.—Under Japanese auspices a railway from Chemulpo to Seoul was completed in 1900 . This became a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the longer line from Fusan to Seoul (286 m.), the concession for which was granted in 1898 . This line was pushed forward rapidly on the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War, and the whole was opened See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 1905 . A railway from Seoul to Wiju was planned under French See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers, but the See also:

• WORK

work was started by the Korean See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . This line also, however, was taken over by the Japanese military authorities, and the first trains ran through early in 1905, in which year Japan obtained See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the whole of the Korean See also:

• INTERNAL

internal communications, The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main roads centring in Seoul are seldom See also:

• FIT

fit even for the passage of ox-carts, and the secondary roads are See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad bridle-tracks, frequently degenerating into " rock ladders." Some improvements, however, have been effected under Japanese direction . The inland transit of goods is almost entirely on the backs of bulls carrying from 450 to 600 lb, on ponies carrying 200 lb, and on men carrying from 10o to 15o lb, bringing the average cost up to a fraction over 8d. per mile per ton . The corvee exists, with its usual hardships . See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

Bridges are made of posts, carrying a framework either covered with timber or with See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine branches and See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth .

They are removed at the beginning of the rainy season, and are not replaced for three months . The larger rivers are unbridged, but there are numerous government ferries . The infamous roads and the risks during the bridgeless season greatly hamper trade . Japanese steamers ply on the Han between Chemulpo and Seoul . A postal system, established in 1894-1895, has been gradually extended . There are See also:

• POSTAGE

postage stamps of four values . The Japanese, under the agreement of 1905, took over the postal, telegraphic and See also:

• TELEPHONE (Gr. rjXs, far, and dxwvr7, voice)

telephone services . Korea is connected with the Chinese and Japanese See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph systems by a Japanese line from Chemulpo via Seoul to Fusan, and by a line acquired by the empire between Seoul and \\'iju . The See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state has also lines from Seoul to the open ports, &c . Korea has See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam communication with ports in Japan, the Gulf of Pechili, See also:

• SHANGHAI

Shanghai, &c . Her own See also:

• MERCANTILE (or COMMERCIAL) AGENCIES

mercantile marine is considerable . Government.—From 1895, when China renounced her claims to See also:

• SUZERAINTY

suzerainty, to 1910 the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king (since 1897 See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor) was in theory an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign, Japan in 1904 guaranteeing the welfare and dignity of the imperial See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house .

Under a treaty signed at Seoul on the 17th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1905, Japan directed the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external relations of Korea, and Japanese See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic and consular representatives took See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of Korean subjects and i, terests in foreign countries . Japan undertook the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of existing treaties between Korea and foreign See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers; and Korea agreed that her future foreign treaties should be concluded through the See also:

• MEDIUM

medium of Japan . A See also:

• RESIDENT

resident-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• REP, REPP, or REPS

rep-resented Japan at Seoul, to See also:

• DIRECT

direct diplomatic affairs, the first being the See also:

• MARQUIS

Marquis See also:

• ITO, HIROBUMI, PRINCE (1841-1909)

Ito . Under a further See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention of July 1907, the resident-general's powers were enormously increased . In administrative reforms the Korean government followed his guidance; See also:

• LAWS

laws could not be enacted nor administrative See also:

• MEASURES

measures undertaken without his consent; the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment and dismissal of high officials, and the engagement of foreigners in government employ, were subject to his See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure . Each See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of state has a Japanese See also:

• VICE

vice-See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, and a large proportion of Japanese officials were introduced into these departments as well as Japanese chiefs of the bureaus of See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police and customs . By a treaty dated August 22nd 191o, which came into effect seven days later the emperor of Korea made " complete and permanent cession to the emperor of Japan of all rights of See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty over the whole of Korea." The entire direction of the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration was then taken over by the Japanese resident-general, who was given the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also: