LAJOS [See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis] See also:

• KOSSUTH, FERENCZ LAJOS AKOS (1841– )
• LAJOS [Louis] KOSSUTH (1802-1894)

KOSSUTH (1802-1894)  , Hungarian patriot, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Monok, a small See also:

• TOWN

town in the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of Zemplin, on the 19th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 18oz . His See also:

• FATHER

father, who was descended from an old untitled See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• FAMILY

family and possessed a small See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate; was by profession an See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate . See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis, who was the eldest of four See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, received from his See also:

• MOTHER

mother a strict religious training . His See also:

• EDUCATION

education was completed at the Calvinist See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of Sarospatak and at the university of See also:

• BUDAPEST

Budapest . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of nineteen he returned See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home and began practice with his father . His talents and amiability soon won him See also:

• GREAT

great popularity, especially among the peasants . He was also appointed steward to the countess Szapary, a widow with large estates, and as her representative had a seat in the county See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly . This position he lost owing to a See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with his patroness, and he was accused of appropriating See also:

• MONEY

money to pay a gambling See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt . His See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault cannot have been very serious, for he was shortly afterwards (he had in the meantime settled in Pesth) appointed by See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Hunyadyto be his See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy at the See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• DIET

Diet in See also:

• PRESSBURG (Hung. Pozsony, Lat. Posonium)

Pressburg (1825-1827, and again in 1832) . It was a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when, under able leaders, a great national party was beginning the struggle for reform against the stagnant See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . As deputy he had no See also:

• VOTE

vote, and he naturally took little See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the debates, but it was See also:

• PART

part of his See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty to send written reports of the proceedings to his See also:

• PATRON

patron, since the government, with a well-grounded fear of all that might stir popular feeling, refused to allow any published reports . See also:

• KOSSUTH, FERENCZ LAJOS AKOS (1841– )
• KOSSUTH, LAJOS [Louis] (1802-1894)

Kossuth's letters were so excellent that they were circulated in MS. among the Liberal magnates, and soon See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed into an organized See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary See also:

• GAZETTE

gazette (Orszagyulesi tudositasok), of which he was editor .

At once his name and See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence spread . In See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to increase the circulation, he ventured on lithographing the letters . This brought them under the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official censure, and was forbidden . He continued the See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper in MS., and when the government refused to allow it to be circulated through the See also:

• POST

post sent it out by See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . In 1836 the Diet was dissolved . Kossuth I continued the agitation by See also:

• REPORTING

reporting in See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the debates of the county assemblies, to which he thereby gave a See also:

• POLITICAL

political importance which they had not had when each was ignorant of the proceedings of the others . The fact that he embellished with his own great See also:

• LITERARY

literary ability the speeches of the Liberals and Reformers only added to the influence of his See also:

• NEWS

news-letters . The government in vain attempted to suppress the letters, and other means having failed, he was in May 1837, with Weszelenyi and several others, arrested on a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of high See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason . After spending a See also:

• YEAR

year in See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison at Ofen, he was tried and condemned to four more years' imprisonment . His confinement was strict and injured his See also:

• HEALTH

health, but he was allowed the use of books . He greatly increased his political See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information, and also acquired, from the study of the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible and See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare, a wonderful know-ledge of See also:

• ENGLISH

English . His See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest had caused great indignation .

The Diet, which met in 1839, supported the agitation for the See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release of the prisoners, and refused to pass any government See also:

• MEASURES

measures; Metternich See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long remained obdurate, but the danger of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war in 184o obliged him to give way . Immediately after his release Kossuth married Teresa Meszleny, a See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic, who during his prison days had shown great See also:

• INTEREST

interest in him . Henceforward she strongly urged him on in his political career; and it was the refusal of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman priests to bless their See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union that fl:st prompted Kossuth to take up the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of mixed marriages . He had now become a popular See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader . As soon as his health was restored he was appointed (See also:

• JANUARY

January 1841) editor of the Pesti Hirlap, the newly founded See also:

• ORGAN

organ of the party . Strangely enough, the government did not refuse its consent . The success of the paper was unprecedented . The circulation soon reached what was then the immense figure of 7000 . The attempts of the government to counteract his influence by See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding a See also:

• RIVAL

rival paper, the Vilag, only increased his importance and added to the political excitement . The warning of the great reformer See also:

• SZECHENYI, ISTVAN, COUNT (1791-186o)

Szechenyi that by his See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to the passions of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people he was leading the nation to revolution was neglected . Kossuth, indeed, was not content with advocating those reforms—the abolition of See also:

• ENTAIL (from Fr. tailler, to cut; the old derivation from tales haeredes is now abandoned)

entail, the abolition of feudal burdens, See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation of the nobles—which were demanded by all the Liberals . By insisting on the superiority of the See also:

• MAGYARS

Magyars to the See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic inhabitants of See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, by his violent attacks on See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria (he already discussed the possibility of a See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach with Austria), he raised the national See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride to a dangerous See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch .

At last, in 1844, the government succeeded in breaking his connexion with the paper . The proprietor, in obedience to orders from See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna (this seems the most probable See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account), took See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of a dispute about See also:

• SALARY

salary to dismiss him . He then applied for permission to start a paper of his own . In a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal interview Metternich offered to take him into the government service . The offer was refused, and for three years he was without a See also:

• REGULAR

regular position . He continued the agitation with the See also:

• OBJECT

object of attaining both the political and commercial See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of Hungary . He adopted the economic principles of See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

List, and founded a society, the " Vedegylet," the members of which were to consume none but home produce . He advocated the creation of a Hungarian See also:

• PORT

port at See also:

• FIUME (Slay. Rjeka, Rieka or Reka, Ger. St Veit am Flaum)

Fiume . With the autumn of 1847 the great opportunity of his See also:

• LIFE

life came . Supported by the influence of Louis See also:

• BATTHYANY, LOUIS (LAJos), COUNT (1806-1849)

Batthyany, after a keenly fought struggle he was elected member for Buda-pest in the new Diet . " Now that I am a deputy, I will cease to be an agitator," he said . He at once became See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief leader of the Extreme Liberals .

See also:

• DEAK, FRANCIS (FERENCZ), (1803-1876)

Deak was absent . Batthyany, Szechenyi, Szemere, See also:

• EOTVOS, JOZSEF, BARON (1813–1871)

Eotvos, his rivals, saw how his intense personal ambition and See also:

• EGOISM (from Gr. and Lat. ego, I, the 1st personal pronoun)

egoism led him always to assume the chief See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, and to use his parliamentary position to establish himself as leader of the nation; but before his eloquence and See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy all apprehensions were useless . His eloquence was of that nature, in its impassioned appeals to the strongest emotions, that it required for its full effect the highest themes and the most dramatic situations . In a time of See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, though he could never have been obscure, he would never have attained the highest See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . It was there-fore a See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of his nature, perhaps unconsciously, always to drive things to a crisis . The crisis came, and he used it to the full . On the 3rd of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March r848, as soon as the news of the revolutionin See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris had arrived, in a speech of surpassing power he demanded parliamentary government for Hungary and constitutional government for the rest of Austria . He appealed to the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of the Habsburgs, " our beloved See also:

• ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

Archduke See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph," to perpetuate the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory of the See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty by See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting See also:

• HALF

half-way the aspirations of a See also:

• FREE

free people . He at once became the leader of the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European revolution; his speech was read aloud in the streets of Vienna to the See also:

• MOB

mob by which Metternich was overthrown (March 13), and when a deputation from the Diet visited Vienna to receive the assent of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor to their See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition it was Kossuth who received the chief See also:

• OVATION (Lat. ovatio)

ovation . Batthyany, who formed the first responsible See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry, could not refuse to admit Kossuth, but he gave him the ministry of See also:

• FINANCE

finance, probably because that seemed to open to him fewest prospects of See also:

• ENGROSSING

engrossing popularity . If that was the object, it was in vain . With wonderful energy he began developing the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal resources of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country: he established a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate Hungarian coinage—as always, using every means to increase the national self-consciousness; and it was characteristic that on the new Hungarian notes which he issued his own name was the most prominent inscription; hence the name of Kossuth Notes, which was long celebrated .

A new paper was started, to which was given the name of Kossuth Hirlapia, so that from the first it was Kossuth rather than the See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

Palatine or the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the ministry whose name was in the minds of the people associated with the new government . Much more was this the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case when, in the summer, the dangers from the Croats, Serbs and the reaction at Vienna increased . In a great speech of r rth See also:

• JULY

July he asked that the nation should See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm in self-defence, and demanded 200,000 men; amid a See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm this was granted by See also:

• ACCLAMATION (Lat. acclamatio, a shouting at)

acclamation . When See also:

• JELLACHICH, JOSEF, COUNT (1801–1859)

Jellachich was marching on Pesth he went from town to town rousing the people to the defence of the country, and the popular force of the Honved was his creation . When Batthyany resigned he was appointed with Szemere to carry on the government provisionally, and at the end of September he was made President of the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

Committee of National Defence . From this time he was in fact, if not in name, the See also:

• DICTATOR (from the Lat. dictare, frequentative of dicere, to speak)

dictator . With marvellous energy he kept in his own hands the direction of the whole government . Not a soldier himself, he had to See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control and See also:

• DIRECT

direct the movements of armies; can we be surprised if he failed, or if he was unable to keep control over the generals or to establish that military co-operation so essential to success ? Especially it was See also:

• GORGEI, ARTHUR (1818- )

Gorgei (q.v.) whose great abilities he was the first to recognize, who refused obedience; the two men were in truth the very opposite to one another: the one all feeling, enthusiasm, sensibility; the other See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold, stoical, reckless of life . Twice Kossuth deposed him from the command; twice he had to restore him . It would have been well if Kossuth had had some-thing more of Gorgei's calculated ruthlessness, for, as has been truly said, the revolutionary power he had seized could only be held by revolutionary means; but he was by nature soft-hearted and always merciful; though often audacious, he lacked decision in dealing with men . It has been said that he showed a want of personal courage; this is not improbable, the excess of feeling which made him so great an orator could hardly be combined with the coolness in danger required of a soldier; but no one was able, as he was, to infuse courage into others .

During all the terrible See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter which followed, his energy and spirit never failed him . It was he who overcame the reluctance of the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army to march to the See also:

• RELIEF

relief of Vienna; after the defeat of See also:

• SCHWECHAT

Schwechat, at which he was See also:

• PRESENT

present, he sent See also:

• BERN (Fr. Berne)

Bern to carry on the war in Transylvania . At the end of the year, when the Austrians were approaching Pesth, he asked for the See also:

• MEDIATION (Lat. medius, middle)

mediation of Mr See also:

• STILES, EZRA (1727–1795)

Stiles, the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy . See also:

• WINDISCHGRATZ, PRINCE ALFRED (1787-1862)

Windischgratz, however, refused all terms, and the Diet and government fled to Debrecszin, Kossuth taking with him the See also:

• REGALIA (Lat. regalis, royal, from rex, king)

regalia of St See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen, the sacred See also:

• PALLADIUM (Gr. sraXXit&ov)
• PALLADIUM [symbol Pd, atomic weight Io6.7 (O=16)]

Palladium of the Hungarian nation . Immediately after the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of the Emperor Francis Joseph all the concessions of March had been revoked and Kossuth with his colleagues outlawed . In See also:

• APRIL

April 1849, when the Hungarians had won many successes, after See also:

• SOUNDING (for derivation see SOUND above)

sounding the army, he issued the celebrated See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of Hungarian independence, in which he declared that " the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg-See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine, perjured in the sight of See also:

• GOD

God and See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, had forfeited the Hungarian See also:

• THRONE

throne." It was a step characteristic of his love for extreme and dramatic See also:

• ACTION

action, but it added to the dissensions between him and those who wished only for See also:

• AUTONOMY (Gr. abr6s, self, and v6pos, law)

autonomy under the old dynasty, and his enemies did not See also:

• SCRUPLE

scruple to accuse him of aiming at the See also:

• CROWN

crown himself . For the time the future form of government was See also:

• LEFT

left undecided, but Kossuth was appointed responsible See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor . The hopes of ultimate success were frustrated by the intervention of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia; all appeals to the western See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers were vain, and on the iith of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August Kossuth abdicated in favour of Gorgei, on the ground that in the last extremity the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general alone could See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the nation . How Gorgei used his authority to surrender is well known; the See also:

• CAPITULATION (Lat. capitulum, a little head or division; capitulare, to treat upon terms)

capitulation was indeed inevitable, but a greater man than Kossuth would not have avoided the last duty of conducting the negotiations so as to get the best terms . With the capitulation of Villagos Kossuth's career was at an end . A solitary fugitive, he crossed the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish frontier . He was hospitably received by the Turkish authorities, who, supported by Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, refused, notwithstanding the threats of the allied emperors, to surrender him and the other fugitives to the merciless vengeance of the Austrians .

In January 1849 he was removed from Widdin, where he had been kept in See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable confinement, to See also:

• SHUMLA (Bulgarian Shumen, Turkish Shumna)

Shumla, and thence to Katahia in See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor . Here he was joined by his children, who had been confined at Pressburg; his wife (a See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price had been set on her See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head) had joined him earlier, having escaped in disguise . In September 1851 he was liberated and embarked on an American man-of-war . He first landed at See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles, where he received an enthusiastic welcome from the people, but the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince-president refused to allow him to See also:

• CROSS

cross See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . On the 23rd of See also:

• OCTOBER

October he landed at See also:

• SOUTHAMPTON
• SOUTHAMPTON, EARL OF
• SOUTHAMPTON, HENRY WRIOTHESLEY, 3RD EARL OF (1J73—1624)

Southampton and spent three See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, where he was the object of extraordinary enthusiasm, equalled only by that with which See also:

• GARIBALDI, GIUSEPPE (1807-1882)

Garibaldi was received ten years later . Addresses were presented to him at Southampton, See also:

• BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham and other towns; he was officially entertained by the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor of See also:

• LONDON

London; at each place he pleaded the cause of his unhappy country . Speaking in English, he displayed an eloquence and command of the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language scarcely excelled by the greatest orators in their own See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue . The agitation had no immediate effect, but the indignation which he aroused against See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian policy had much to do with the strong See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Russian feeling which made the See also:

• CRIMEAN

Crimean War possible . From England he went to the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America: there his reception was equally enthusiastic, if less dignified; an See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element of charlatanism appeared in his words and acts which soon destroyed his real influence . Other Hungarian exiles See also:

• PRO

pro-tested against the claim he appeared to make that he was the one national See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero of the revolution . Count Casimir Batthyany attacked him in The Times, and Szemere, who had been See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister under him, published a See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism of his acts and See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, accusing him of arrogance, cowardice and duplicity . He soon returned to England, where he lived for eight years in See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close connexion with Mazzini, by whom, with some misgiving, he was persuaded to join the Revolutionary Committee .

Quarrels of a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind only too See also:

• COMMON

common among exiles followed; the Hungarians were especially offended by his claim still to be called governor . He watched with anxiety every opportunity of once more freeing his country from Austria . An See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to organize a Hungarian See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

legion during the Crimean War was stopped; but in 1859 he entered into negotiations with See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, left England for See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, and began the organization of a Hungarian legion, which was to make a descent on the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• DALMATIA (Ger. Dalmatien; Ital. Dalmazia; Serbo-Croatian, Dalmacija)

Dalmatia . The See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

Peace of Villafranca made this impossible . From that time he resided in Italy; he refused to follow the other Hungarian patriots, who, under the See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead of Deak, accepted the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of 1867; for him there could be no reconciliation with the house of Habsburg, nor would he accept less than full independence and a See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic . He would not avail himself of the See also:

• AMNESTY (from the Gr. &µvrly-ria, oblivion)

amnesty, and, though elected to the Diet of 1867, never took his seat, He never lost the affections of his countrymen, but he refrained from an attempt to give See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical effect to his opinions, nor did he allow his name to become a new cause of dissension . A See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of 1879, which deprived of citizenshipall Hungarians who had voluntarily been absent ten years, was a bitter See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow to him . He died in See also:

• TURIN

Turin on the loth of March 1894; his See also:

• BODY

body was taken to Pesth, where he was buried amid the See also:

• MOURNING (from the verb " to mourn," to be sorrowful, 0. Eng. murnan; cf. O.H.G. mornen, Goth. maurnan, to be anxious, O.N. morna, to pine away; by some referred to root seen in Gr. jdptpva, sorrow, by others to root mer-, to die)

mourning of the whole nation, Maurus See also:

• JOKAI, MAURUS (1825-1904)

Jokai delivering the funeral oration . A See also:

• BRONZE

bronze statue, erected by public subscription, in the Kerepes See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery, commemorates Hungary's purest patriot and greatest orator . Many points in Kossuth's career and character will probably always remain the subject of controversy . His See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• WORKS

works were published in Hungarian at Budapest in 1880–1895 . The fullest account of the Revolution is given in Helfert, Geschichte Oesterreichs (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1869, &c.), representing the Austrian view, which may be compared with that of C .

Gracza, See also:

• HISTORY

History of the Hungarian War of Independence, 1848–1849 (in Hungarian) (Budapest, 1894) . See also E . O . S., Hungary and its Revolutions, with a Memoir of Louis Kossuth (See also:

• BOHN, HENRY GEORGE (1796-1884)

Bohn, 18J4) ; Horvath, 25 Jahre aus der Geschichte Ungaens, 1823–1848 (Leipzig,i867) ;See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice, Revolutions of 1848-1849; W.H.Stiles, Austria in' 848–1 849,(N ew See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1852) ; Szemere,Politische Charakterskizzen: III . Kossuth (See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg, 1853) ; Louis Kossuth, See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs of my See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

Exile (London, '88o); See also:

• PULSZKY, FERENCZ AUREL (1814—1897 )

Pulszky, Meine Zeit, mein Leben (Pressburg, i88o) ; A . Somogyi, See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

Ludwig Kossuth (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1894) . (J . W .