See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

AUGUST See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

FRIEDRICH See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

FERDINAND VON See also:

• AUGUST FRIEDRICH FERDINAND VON KOTZEBUE (1761–1819)
• KOTZEBUE, OTTO VON (1787–1846)

KOTZEBUE (1761–1819)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German dramatist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 3rd of May, 1761, at See also:

• WEIMAR

Weimar . After attending the gymnasium of his native See also:

• TOWN

town, he went in his sixteenth See also:

• YEAR

year to the university of See also:

• JENA

Jena, and afterwards studied about a year in See also:

• DUISBURG

Duisburg . In 178o he completed his legal course and was admitted an See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate . Through the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• GRAF, ARTURO (1848– )
• GRAF, KARL HEINRICH (1815–1869)

Graf See also:

• GORTZ, GEORG HEINRICH VON, BARON VON SCHUTZ (1668-1719)

Gortz, Prussian See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador at the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, he became secretary of the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, In 1783 he received the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of See also:

• ASSESSOR (Lat. assessare, assidere, to sit by)

assessor to the high court of See also:

• APPEAL

appeal in See also:

• REVAL, or REVEL (Russ. Revel, formerly Kolyvan; Esthonian, Tallina and Tannilin)

Reval, where he married the daughter of a Russian See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-general . He was ennobled in 1785, and became See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the magistracy of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• ESTHONIA (Ger. Ehstland and Ehshland, Esthonian Eestimae and Meie-maa, also Viroma and Rahvama; Lettish Iggaun Senna)

Esthonia . In Reval he acquired considerable reputation by his novels, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden der Ortenhergischen Familie (1785) and Geschichte meines Vaters (1788), and still more by the plays Adelheid von Wul,ingen (1789), Menschenhass and Reue (1790) and Die Indianer in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England (1790) . The See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good impression produced by these See also:

• WORKS

works was, however, almost effaced by a cynical dramatic See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire, Doktor See also:

• BAHRDT, KARL FRIEDRICH (1741-1792)

Bahrdt mit der eisernen Stint, which appeared in 1790 with the name of See also:

• KNIGGE, ADOLF FRANZ FRIEDRICH, FREIHERR VON (1752-1796)

Knigge on the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title-See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page . After the See also:

• DEATH

death of his first wife See also:

• KOTZEBUE, AUGUST FRIEDRICH FERDINAND VON (1761–1819)
• KOTZEBUE, OTTO VON (1787–1846)

Kotzebue retired from the Russian service, and lived for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris and See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz; he then settled in 1795 on an See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate which he had acquired near Reval and gave himself up to See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• WORK

work . Within a few years he published six volumes of See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous sketches and stories (Die jiingsten Kinder meiner Laune, 1793–1796) and more than twenty plays, the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of which were translated into several See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages . In 1798 he accepted the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of dramatist to the court See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre in See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, but owing to See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences with the actors he was soon obliged to resign . He now returned to his native town, but as he was not on good terms with See also:

• GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749-1832)

Goethe, and had openly attacked the Romantic school, his position in Weimar was not a pleasant one . He had thoughts of returning to St Petersburg, and on his See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey thither he was, for some unknown See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, arrested at the frontier and transported to See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia .

Fortunately he had written a See also:

• COMEDY

comedy which flattered the vanity of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul I.; he was consequently speedily brought back, presented with an estate from the See also:

• CROWN

crown lands of See also:

• LIVONIA, or LIVLAND (Russian, Liflandia)

Livonia, and made director of the German theatre in St Petersburg . He, returned to See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany when the emperor Paul died, and again settled in Weimar; he found it, however, as impossible as ever to gain a footing in literary society, and turned his steps to See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, where in association with Garlieb Merkel (1769–1850) he edited Der Freimutige (1803–1807) and began his Almanach dramatischer Spiele (1803–1820) . Towards the end of 18o6 he was once more in See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, and in the See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security of his estate in Esthonia wrote many satirical articles against See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon in his See also:

• JOURNALS

journals Die Biene and Die See also:

• GRILLE

Grille . As councillor of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state he was attached in 1816 to the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department for See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign affairs in St Petersburg, and in 1817 went to Germany as a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• SPY
• SPY (from " to spy " or " espy"; 0. Fr. espie, espier, to spy, watch; cf. Ger. spdhen, Lat. specere, to look; the Fr. term " espionage "is of course from the same source)

spy in the service of Russia, with a See also:

• SALARY

salary of 15,000 roubles . In a weekly See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

journal (Literarisches Wochenblatt) which he published in Weimar he scoffed at the pretensions of those Germans who demanded See also:

• FREE

free institutions, and became an See also:

• OBJECT

object of such general dislike that he was obliged to move to See also:

• MANNHEIM

Mannheim . He was especially de-tested by the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young enthusiasts for See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty, and one of them, Karl See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

Ludwig See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

Sand, a theological student, stabbed him, in Mannheim, on the 23rd of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1819 . Sand was executed, and the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government made his See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime an excuse for placing the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities under strict supervision . Besides his plays, Kotzebue wrote several See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical works, which, however, are too one-sided and prejudiced to have much value . Of more See also:

• INTEREST

interest are his autobiographical writings, See also:

• HEINE, HEINRICH, (1797-1856)

Heine Flucht nach Paris See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

Winter 1990 (1791), Uber meinen Aufenthalt in Wien (1799), Das merkwurdigste Jahr meines Lebens (18o1), Erinnerungen aus Paris (1804), and Erinnerungen von meiner Reise aus See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

Lie/See also:

• LAND

land nach Rom and Neapel (r8o5) . As a dramatist he was extraordinarily prolific, his plays numbering over 200; his popularity, not merely on the German, but on the European See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage, was unprecedented . His success, however, was due less to any conspicuous literary or poetic ability than to an extraordinary facility in the invention of effective situations; he possessed, as few German playwrights before or since, the unerring See also:

• INSTINCT

instinct for the theatre; and his influence on the technique of the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

drama from See also:

• SCRIBE, AUGUSTIN EUGENE (1791-1860, French dramatist, was born in Paris on the 24th of December 1791. His father was a silk merchant, and he was well educated, being destined for the bar. But, having a real gift for the theatre, a gift which unfortunately

Scribe to See also:

• SARDOU, VICTORIEN (1831-1908)

Sardou and from See also:

• BAUERNFELD, EDUARD VON (1802-1890)

Bauernfeld to See also:

• SUDERMANN, HERMANN (1857— )

Sudermann is unmistakable . Kotzebue is to be seen to best See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage in his comedies, such as Der Wildfang, Die beiden Klingsberg and Die deutschen Kleinstddter, which contain admirable genre pictures of German See also:

• LIFE

life .

These plays held the stage in Germany See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long after the once famous Menschenhess and Reue (known in England as The Stranger), Graf Benjowsky, or ambitious See also:

• EXOTIC (Gr. EWTIK6s, foreign, from few, outside)

exotic tragedies like Die Sonnenjungfrau and Die Spanier in See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru (which See also:

• SHERIDAN
• SHERIDAN, PHILIP HENRY (1831-1888)

Sheridan adapted as See also:

• PIZARRO, FRANCISCO (c. 1471 or 1475-1541)

Pizarro) were forgotten . Two collections of Kotzebue's dramas were published during his lifetime: Schauspiele (5 vols., 1797); Neue Schauspiele (23 vols., 1798-182o) . His Sdmtliche dramatische Werke appeared in 44 vols., in 1827-1829, and again, under the title Theater, in 4o vols., in 1840-1841 . A selection of his plays in 10 vols. appeared at See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig in 1867-1868 . Cp . H . Doring, A. von Kotzebues Leben (183o); W. von Kotzebue, A. von Kotzebue (1881) ; Ch . Rabany, Kotzebue, sa See also:

• VIE

vie et son temps (1893); W . Sellier, Kotzebue in England (19o1) .