See also:

• KRUMEN (KROOMEN, KROOBOYS, KRUS, or CROOS)

KRUMEN (KROOMEN, KROOBOYS, KRUS, or CROOS)  , a See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro See also:

• PEOPLE

people of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

Coast of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . They dwell in villages scattered along the coast of See also:

• LIBERIA

Liberia from below Monrovia nearly to Cape Palmas . The name has been wrongly derived from the See also:

• ENGLISH

English word " See also:

• CREW (sometimes explained as a sea term of Scandinavian origin, cf. O. Icel. kris, a swarm or crowd, but now regarded as a shortened form of accrue, accrewe, used in the 16th century in the sense of a reinforcement, O. Fr. acreue, from accrofire, to grow,
• CREW, NATHANIEL CREW, 3RD BARON (1633–1721)

crew," with reference to the fact that See also:

• KRUMEN (KROOMEN, KROOBOYS, KRUS, or CROOS)

Krumen were the first West See also:

• AFRICAN

African people to take service in See also:

• EUROPEAN

European vessels . It is probably from Kraoh, the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive name of one of their tribes . Under Krumen are now grouped many kindred tribes, the Grebo, Basa, Nifu, &c., who collectively number some 40,000 . The Krus proper live in the narrow See also:

• STRIP

strip of coast between the Sino rivefand Cape Palmas, where are their five See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief villages, Kruber, Little Kru, Settra Kru, Nana Kru and See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William's See also:

• TOWN

Town . They are traditionallyfrom the interior, but have See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been noted as skilful See also:

• SEAMEN, LAWS RELATING TO

seamen and daring fishermen . They are a stout, See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular, broad-chested See also:

• RACE

race, probably the most robust of African peoples . They have true negro features—skin of a See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue-See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• HUE

hue and woolly and abundant See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair . The See also:

• WOMEN

women are of a lighter shade than negro women generally, and in several respects come much nearer to a European See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard . Morally as well as physically the Krumen are one of the most remarkable races in Africa . They are honest, brave, proud, so passionately fond of freedom that they will starve or drown themselves to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture, and have never trafficked in slaves .

Politically the Krus are divided into small commonwealths, each with an hereditary chief whose See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty is simply to represent the people in their dealings with strangers . The real See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government is vested in the elders, who See also:

• WEAR

wear as insignia See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron rings on their legs . Their See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president, the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head fetish-See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

guards the See also:

• NATIONAL

national symbols, and his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house is See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary for offenders till their See also:

• GUILT

guilt is proved . See also:

• PERSONAL

Personal See also:

• PROPERTY

property is held in See also:

• COMMON

common by each See also:

• FAMILY

family . See also:

• LAND

Land also is communal, but the rights of the actual See also:

• CULTIVATOR

cultivator cease only when he fails to See also:

• FARM

farm it . At 14 or 15 the Kru " boys " eagerly See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract themselves for voyages of twelve or eighteen months . Generally they prefer See also:

• WORK

work near at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, and are to be found on almost every See also:

• SHIP

ship trading on the See also:

• GUINEA

Guinea coast . As soon as they have saved enough to buy a wife they return home and See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle down . Krumen See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament their faces with tribal marks—black or blue lines on the forehead and from See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear to ear . They See also:

• TATTOO

tattoo their arms and mutilate the incisor See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth . As a race they are singularly intelligent, and exhibit their enterprise in numerous settlements along the coast . Sierra Leone, See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• BASSA

Bassa and Monrovia all have their Kru towns .

Dr See also:

• BLEEK, FRIEDRICH (1793-1859)
• BLEEK, WILHELM HEINRICH IMMANUEL (1827-1875)

Bleek classifies the Kru See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language with the See also:

• MANDINGO

Mandingo family, and in this he is followed by Dr R . G . Latham; Dr Kolle, who published a Kru See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar (1854), considers it as distinct . See A. de Quatrefages and E . T . Hamy, Crania ethnica, ix . 363 (1878–1879) ; See also:

• SCHLAGINTWEIT

Schlagintweit-Sakunlunski, in the Sitzucgsberichte of the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy at See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich (1875) ; See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas, in See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

Bull. de la See also:

• SOC

Soc. d'Anthrop . (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1872) ; J . Biittikofer, Reisebilder aus Liberia (See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden, 189o) ; See also:

• SIR

Sir H . H . See also:

• JOHNSTON, ALBERT SIDNEY (1803–1862)
• JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER (1849-1888)
• JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER KEITH (1804-1871)
• JOHNSTON, ARTHUR (1587-1641)
• JOHNSTON, J
• JOHNSTON, JOSEPH EGGLESTON (1807-1891)
• JOHNSTON, SIR HENRY HAMILTON (1858- )

Johnston, Liberia (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1906) .