KUBLAI See also:

• KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

KHAN (or KAAN, as the supreme ruler descended from Jenghiz was usually distinctively termed in the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century) (1216-1294)  , the most eminent of the successors of Jenghiz (Chinghiz), and the founder of the Mongol See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty in See also:

• CHINA

China . He was the second son of Tul , youngest of the four sons of Jenghiz by his favourite wife . Jenghiz was succeeded in the khanship by his third son Okkodai, or Ogdai (1229), he by his son Kuyuk (1246), and Kuyuk by Mangu, eldest son of Tule (1252) . Kublai was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 1216, and, See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young as he was, took See also:

• PART

part with his younger See also:

• BROTHER

brother Hulagu (afterwards conqueror of the See also:

• CALIPH, CALIF

caliph and founder of the Mongol dynasty in See also:

• PERSIA

Persia) in the last See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of Jenghiz (1226–27) . The Mongol poetical chronicler, Sanang Setzen, records a tradition that Jenghiz himself on his deathbed discerned young Kublai's promise and predicted his distinction . See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern China, See also:

• CATHAY

Cathay as it was called, had been partially conquered by Jenghiz himself, and the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest had been followed up till the See also:

• KIN (0. E. cyn, a word represented in nearly all Teutonic languages, cf. Du. kunne, Dan. and Swed. kon, Goth kuni, tribe; the Teutonic base is kunya; the equivalent Aryan root gan- to beget, produce, is seen in Gr. 'yEvos, Lat. genus, cf. "kind")

Kin or " See also:

• GOLDEN

golden " dynasty of See also:

• TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars, reigning at K'ai-feng Fu on the Yellow See also:

• RIVER

River, were completely subjugated (1234) . But China See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the Yangtsze-kiang remained many years later subject to the native dynasty of Sung, reigning at the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Lingan, or Kinsai (See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King-sz', " See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital"), now known as Hang-chow Fu . Operations to subdue this region had commenced in 1235, but languished till Mangu's See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession . Kublai was then named his brother's See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant in Cathay, and operations were resumed . By what seems a vast and risky See also:

• STRATEGY

strategy, of which the motives are not quite clear, the first campaign of Kublai was directed to the subjugation of the remote western See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Yunnan . After the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of Tali Fu (well known in See also:

• RECENT

recent years as the capital of a See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan insurgent See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan), Kublai returned See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, leaving the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war in Yunnan to a trusted See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general . Some years later (1257) the See also:

• KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

khan Mangu himself entered on a campaign in See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west China, and died there, before Ho-chow in Szech'uen (1259) .

Kublai assumed the See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession, but it was disputed by his brother Arikbugha and by his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin Kaidu, and See also:

• WARS

wars with these retarded the See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern conquest . Doubt-less, however, this was constantly before Kublai as a great task to be accomplished, and its fulfilment was in his mind when he selected as the future capital of his See also:

• EMPIRE

empire the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese city that we now know as See also:

• PEKING, or PEKIN

Peking . Here, in 1264, to the north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the old city, which under the name of Yenking had been an occasional See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the Kin sovereigns, he founded his new capital, a great rectangular See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot of 18 m. in See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit . The (so-called) " Tatar city " of See also:

• MODERN

modern Peking is the city of Kublai, with about one-third at the north cut off, but Kublai's walls are also on this retrenched portion still traceable . The new city, officially termed T'ai-tu (" great See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court "), but known among the See also:

• MONGOLS

Mongols and western See also:

• PEOPLE

people as Kaanbaligh (" city of the khan ") was finished in 1267 . The next See also:

• YEAR

year war against the Sung Empire was resumed, but was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long retarded by the strenuous See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the twin cities of Siang-yang and See also:

• FAN (Lat. vannus; Fr. eventail)

Fan-See also:

• CHENG

cheng, on opposite sides of the river Han, and commanding two great lines of approach to the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the Yangtszekiang . The See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege occupied nearly five years . After this Bayan, Kublai's best lieutenant, a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of high military See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius and See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, took command . It was not, however, till 1276 that the Sung capital surrendered, and Bayan rode into the city (then probably the greatest in the See also:

• WORLD

world) as its conqueror . The young See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, with his See also:

• MOTHER

mother, was sent prisoner to Kaan-baligh; but twc younger princes had been despatched to the south before the fall of the city, and these successively were proclaimed emperor by the adherents of the native See also:

• THRONE

throne . An See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to maintain their cause was made in Fu-kien, and afterwards in the province of Kwang-tung; but in 1279 these efforts were finally extinguished, and the faithful See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister who had inspired them terminated the struggle by See also:

• JUMPING

jumping with his young See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord into the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . Even under the degenerate Sung dynasty the conquest of southern China had occupied the Mongols during See also:

• HALF

half a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century of intermittent See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns .

But at last Kublai was ruler of all China, and probably the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign (at least nominally) of a greater See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population than had ever acknowledged one man's supremacy . For, though his See also:

• RULE

rule was disputed by the princes of his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house in See also:

• TURKESTAN
• TURKESTAN, or HAZRET

Turkestan, it was acknowledged by those on the See also:

• VOLGA (known to the Tatars as Etil, Jill or Atel; to the Finnish tribes as Rau, and to the ancients as Rha and Oarus)

Volga, whose rule reached to the frontier of See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, and by the See also:

• FAMILY

family of his brother Hulagu, whose dominion extended from the See also:

• OXUS

Oxus to the Arabian See also:

• DESERT

desert . For the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in See also:

• HISTORY

history the name and character of an emperor of China were See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar as far west as the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Sea and not unknown in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . The Chinese See also:

• SEALS

seals which Kublai conferred on his kinsmen reigning at See also:

• TABRIZ

Tabriz are stamped upon their letters to the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and survive in the archives of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . Adventurers from Turkestan, Persia, See also:

• ARMENIA (old Persian Armina, Armenian Hayasdan, or Hayq)

Armenia, See also:

• BYZANTIUM

Byzantium, even from See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, served him as ministers, generals, See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors, envoys, astronomers or physicians; soldiers from all See also:

• ASIA

Asia to the See also:

• CAUCASUS

Caucasus fought his battles in the south of China . Once in his old See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age (1287) Kublai was compelled to take the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person against a serious revolt, raised by Nayan, a See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of his family, who held a vast domain on the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of See also:

• MANCHURIA

Manchuria . Nayan was taken and executed . The revolt had been stirred up by Kaidu, who survived his imperial See also:

• RIVAL

rival, and died in 1301 . Kublai himself died in 1294, at the age of seventy-eight . Though a great figure in See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic history, and far from deserving a See also:

• NICHE (through Fr. niche from Ital. nicchia, nicchio, shell; possibly from Lat. mitulus, a sea-mussel; cf. " napkin " from mappa)

niche in the long See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery of Asiatic tyrants, Kublai misses a See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record in the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good rulers . His See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• LOCUS (Lat. for " place "; in Gr. rinros)

locus was a happy one, for, whilst he was the first of his See also:

• RACE

race to rise above the innate barbarism of the Mongols, he retained the force and warlike character of his ancestors, which vanished utterly in the effeminacy of those who came after him . He had great intelligence and a keen See also:

• DESIRE

desire for knowledge, with apparently a good See also:

• DEAL

deal of natural benevolence and magnanimity .

But his love of splendour, and his fruitless expeditions beyond sea, created enormous demands for See also:

• MONEY

money, and he shut his eyes to the character and methods of those whom he employed to raise it . A remarkable narrative of the oppressions of one of these, Ahmed of Fenaket, and of the revolt which they provoked, is given by Marco See also:

• POLO (Tibetan pulu, ball)
• POLO, GASPAR GIL (?153o-1591)
• POLO, MARCO (c. 1254-1324)

Polo, in substantial accordance with the Chinese See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals . Kublai patronized Chinese literature and culture generally . The great astronomical See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments which he caused to be made were long preserved at Peking, but were carried off to See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin in 1900 . Though he put hardly any Chinese into the first ranks of his See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, he attached many to his confidence, and was personally popular among them . Had his endeavourto procure See also:

• EUROPEAN

European priests for the instruction of his people, of which we know through Marco Polo, prospered, the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, which gained some ground under his successors, might have taken stronger See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root in China . Failing this momentary effort, Kublai probably saw in the organized force of Tibetan See also:

• BUDDHISM

Buddhism the readiest See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument in the See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization of his countrymen, and that See also:

• SYSTEM

system received his See also:

• SPECIAL

special countenance . An See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of his reign had been to constitute a young lama of intelligence and learning the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Lamaite Church, and eventually also prince of See also:

• TIBET, or THIBET

Tibet, an act which may be regarded as a precursory See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the rule of the " See also:

• GRAND

grand lamas " of Lassa . The same ecclesiastic, Mati Dhwaja, was employed by Kublai to devise a special See also:

• ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet for use with the Mongol See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . It was chiefly based on Tibetan forms of Nagari; some coins and See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions in it are extant; but it had no great See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue, and soon perished . Of the splendour of his court and entertainments, of his palaces, summer and See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, of his great See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting expeditions, of his revenues and extraordinary See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper currency, of his elaborate system of posts and much else, an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account is given in the See also:

• BOOK

book of Marco Polo, who passed many years in Kublai's service . We have alluded to his See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign expeditions, which were almost all disastrous .

Nearly all arose out of a hankering for the nominal See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of his empire by claiming submission and See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute . Expeditions against See also:

• JAPAN

Japan were several times repeated; the last, in 1281, on an immense See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale, met with huge discomfiture . Kublai's preparations to avenge it were abandoned owing to the intense discontent which they created . In 1278 he made a claim of submission upon Champa, an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state representing what we now See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call See also:

• COCHIN
• COCHIN, DENYS MARIE PIERRE AUGUSTIN (1851L'Evolution de la vie (1895); Le Monde exterieur (1845); Contre les barbares (1899)

Cochin China . This eventually led to an attempt to invade the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country through See also:

• TONGKING

Tongking, and to a war with the latter state, in which the Mongols had much the worst of it . War with See also:

• BURMA

Burma (or Mien, as the Chinese called it) was provoked in very similar See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion, but the result was more favourable to Kublai's arms . The country was overrun as far as the See also:

• IRRAWADDY, or IRAWADI

Irrawaddy See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta, the ancient capital, See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

Pagan, with its magnificent temples, destroyed, and the old royal dynasty overthrown . The last attempt of the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind was against See also:

• JAVA

Java, and occurred in the last year of the old khan's reign . The See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy wh om he had commissioned to claim See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage was sent back with ignominy . A great armament was equipped in the ports of Fu-kien to avenge this insult; but after some temporary success the force was compelled to re-embark with a loss .of 3000 men . The See also:

• DEATH

death of Kublai prevented further See also:

• ACTION

action . Some other expeditions, in which force was. not used, gratified the khan's vanity by bringing back professions of homage, with presents, and with the curious reports of foreign countries in which Kublai delighted .

Such expeditions extended to the states of southern See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, to eastern See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, and even to See also:

• MADAGASCAR

Madagascar . Of Kublai's twelve legitimate sons, Chingkim, the favourite and designated successor, died in 1284/5; and Timur, the son of Chingkim, took his See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . No great king arose in the dynasty after Kublai . He had in all nine successors of his house on the throne of Kaan-baligh, but the long and See also:

• IMBECILE (through the French from Lat. imbecillus or imbecillis, weak, feeble; of unknown origin)

imbecile reign of the ninth, Toghon Timur, ended (1368) in disgrace and See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion, and the native dynasty of Ming reigned in their See also:

• STEAD, WILLIAM THOMAS (1849– )

stead . (H .