See also:

• KULJA (Chinese, Ili-ho)

KULJA (See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese, See also:

• ILI

Ili-ho)  , a territory in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• CHINA

China; bounded, according to the treaty of St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg of 1881, on the W. by the See also:

• SEMIRYECHENSK

Semiryechensk See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• TURKESTAN
• TURKESTAN, or HAZRET

Turkestan, on the N. by the Boro-khoro Mountains, and on the S. by the mountains See also:

• KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

Khan-tengri, Muz-See also:

• ART

art, Terskei, Eshik-bashi and Narat . It comprises the valleys of the Tekez (See also:

• MIDDLE

middle and See also:

• LOWER

lower portion), Kunghez, the See also:

• ILI

Ili as far as the Russian frontier and its tributary, the Kash, with the slopes of the mountains turned towards these See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers . Its See also:

• AREA

area occupies about 19,000 sq. m, (Grum-Grzimailo) . The valley of the Kash is about 16o m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, and is cultivated in its lower parts, while the Boro-khoro Mountains are See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-clad in their eastern portion, and fall with very steep slopes to the valley . The Avral Mountains, which See also:

• SEPARATE

separate the Kash from the Kunghez, are lower, but rocky, naked and difficult of See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access . The valley of the Kunghez is about 120 M. long; the See also:

• RIVER

river flows first in a See also:

• GORGE

gorge, then amidst thickets of rushes, and very small portions of its valley are See also:

• FIT

fit for cultivation . The Narat Mountains in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south are also very See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild, but are covered with forests of See also:

• DECIDUOUS (from Lat. decidere, to fall down)

deciduous trees (See also:

• APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

apple See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree, See also:

• APRICOT (from the Lat. praecox, or praecoquus, ripened early, coquere, to cook, or ripen; the English form, formerly " apricock " and " abrecox," comes through the Fr. abricot, from the Span. albaricoque, which was an adaptation of the Arabic al-burquk, i

apricot tree, See also:

• BIRCH
• BIRCH (Betula)
• BIRCH, SAMUEL (1813–1885)
• BIRCH, THOMAS (1705-1766)

birch, See also:

• POPLAR
• POPLAR (Lat. Populus)

poplar, &c.) and See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine trees . The Tekez flows in the mountains, and pierces narrow See also:

• GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647)

gorges . The mountains which separate it from the Kunghez are also snow-clad, while those to the south of it reach 24,000 ft. of See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude in Khan-tengri, and are covered with snow and glaciers—the only pass through them being the Muzart . Forests and alpine meadows See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover their See also:

• NORTHERN

northern slopes . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture was formerly See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed on the Tekez, as is testified by old See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation canals . The Ili is formed by the junction of the Kunghez with the Tekez, and for 120 M. it flows through See also:

• KULJA (Chinese, Ili-ho)

Kulja, its valley reaching a width of 5o M. at Horgos-koljat .

This valley is famed for its fertility, and is admirably irrigated by canals, See also:

• PART

part of which, however, See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into decay after .55,000 of the inhabitants migrated to Russian territory in 1881 . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of this part of the valley is, of course, See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental—frosts of – 22° F. and heats of 170° F. being experienced—but snow lasts only for one and a See also:

• HALF

half months, and the summer See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat is tempered by the proximity of the high mountains . Apricots, peaches, See also:

• PEARS

pears and some vines are grown, as also some See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton-trees near the See also:

• TOWN

town of Kulja, where the See also:

• AVERAGE

average yearly temperature is 48°.5 F . (See also:

• JANUARY

January 5°, See also:

• JULY

July 770) . See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

Barley is grown up to an altitude of 6500 ft . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population may number about 125,000, of whom 75,000 are settled and about 50,000 nomads (Grum-Grzimailo) . The Tarhnchis from See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Turkestan represent about 40 % of the population; about 40,000 of them See also:

• LEFT

left Kulja when the Russian troops evacuated the territory, and the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government sent some 8000 families from different towns of Kashgaria to take their See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . There are, besides, about 20,000 Sibos and Solons, 3500 Kara-kidans, a few Dungans, and more than 10,000 Chinese . The nomads are represented by about 18,000 Kalmucks, and the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder by See also:

• KIRGHIZ

Kirghiz . Agriculture is insufficient to satisfy the needs of the population, and See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food is imported from Semiryechensk . Excellent beds of See also:

• COAL

coal are found in different places, especially about Kulja, but the fairly See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper ores and See also:

• SILVER

silver ores have ceased to be worked . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief towns are See also:

• SUIDUN (Chinese, Sui-din-chen)

Suidun, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the province, and Kulja .

The latter (Old Kulja) is on the Ili river . It is one of the chief cities of the region, owing to the importance of its bazaars, and is the seat of the Russian See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul and a See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph station . The walled town is nearly square, each See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side being about a mile in length; and the walls are not only 30 ft. high but broad enough on the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top to serve as a See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage drive . Two broad streets cut the enclosed area into four nearly equal sections . Since 187o a Russian suburb has been laid out on a wide See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale . The houses of Kulja are almost all See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay-built and See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat-roofed, and except in the See also:

• SPECIAL

special Chinese See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter in the eastern end of the town only a few public buildings show the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Chinese See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture . Of these the most noteworthy are the Taranchi and Dungan mosques, both with turned-up See also:

• ROOFS

roofs, and the latter with a See also:

• PAGODA (Port. pagode, a word introduced in the 16th century by the early Portuguese adventurers in India, reproducing phonetically some native word, possibly Pers. but-kadah, a house for an idol, or some form of Sansk. bhagavat, divine, holy)

pagoda-looking See also:

• MINARET (from the Arabic mandrat ; manar or miner is Arabic for a lighthouse, a tower on which liar, fire, is lit)

minaret . The population is mainly See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan, and there are only two Buddhist pagodas . A small Chinese See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church has maintained its existence through all the vicissitudes of See also:

• MODERN

modern times . See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

Paper and See also:

• VERMICELLI (plural of Ital. vermicello, little worm, Lat. vermicellus, diminutive of vermis, worm)

vermicelli are manufactured with See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude appliances in the town . The outskirts are richly cultivated with See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, barley, See also:

• LUCERNE
• LUCERNE (Ger. Luzern; Ital. Lucerne)
• LUCERNE, LAKE OF
• LUCERNE, PURPLE MEDICK

lucerne and poppies . See also:

• SCHUYLER, PHILIP JOHN (1733–1804)

Schuyler estimated the population, which includes Taranchis, Dungans, Sarts, Chinese, Kalmucks and Russians, at Io,000 in 1873; it has since increased .

New Kulja, Manchu Kulja, or Ili, which lies lower down the valley on the same side of the stream, has been a See also:

• PILE

pile of ruins since the terrible See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre of all its inhabitants by the insurgent Dungans in 1868 . It was previously the seat of the Chinese government for the province, with a large penal See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment and strong See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison; its population was about 70,000 . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—Two centuries B.C. the region was occupied by the See also:

• FAIR

fair and See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue-eyed Ussuns, who were driven away in the 6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century of our era by the northern See also:

• HUNS

Huns . Later the Kulja territory became a dependency of See also:

• DZUNGARIA, DSONGARIA, or JTNGARIA

Dzungaria . The Uighurs, and in the 12th century the Kara-Khitai, took See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of it in turn . Jenghiz Khan conquered Kulja in the 13th century, and the Mongol Khans resided in the valley of the Ili . It is supposed (Grum-Grzimailo) that the Oirads conquered it at the end of the 16th or the beginning of the 17th century; they kept it till 1755, when the Chinese annexed it . During the insurrection of 1864 the Dungans and the Taranchis formed here the Taranchi sultanate, and this led to the occupation of Kulja by the Russians in 1871 . Ten years later the territory was restored to China .