See also:

• KURBASH, or KOURBASH (from the Arabic qurbash, a whip; Turkish girbach; and French courbache)

KURBASH, or KOURBASH (from the Arabic qurbash, a See also:

• WHIP

whip; See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish girbach; and See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French courbache)  , a See also:

• WHIP

whip or strap about a yard in length, made of the hide of the See also:

• HIPPOPOTAMUS (" river-horse," Gr. lames, horse and aoraµbs, river)

hippopotamus or See also:

• RHINOCEROS

rhinoceros . It is an See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument of See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment and See also:

• TORTURE (from Lat. torquere, to twist)

torture used in various See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan countries, especially in the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . " See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government by See also:

• KURBASH, or KOURBASH (from the Arabic qurbash, a whip; Turkish girbach; and French courbache)

kurbash " denotes the oppression of a See also:

• PEOPLE

people by the See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant abuse of the kurbash to maintain authority, to collect taxes, or to pervert See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice . The use of the kurbash for such purposes, once See also:

• COMMON

common in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, has been abolished by the See also:

• BRITISH

British authorities .